Editing Revolution

{{Quote|A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one [[class]] overthrows another.|[[Mao Zedong]]|[[Library:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan|Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan: The Question of "Going Too Far"]]|1927 March}}[[File:Russian revolution painting.jpg|thumb|Painting of the [[Russian revolution of 1917]]]]
A '''revolution''' is a process by which one [[social class]] violently overthrows another and takes their place as the [[ruling class]] by controlling the [[state]]. Every successful revolution is met with a [[counter-revolution]] as the previously dominant forces such as [[Bourgeoisie|capitalists]] or [[Feudalism|feudal lords]] try to exert their remaining strength. In China, the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] led the counterrevolution against the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]], while in [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]] the reactionary [[United States of America|Statesian]] aggression and war led the counterrevolution.

Revolutions require the following [[Revolutionary situation|conditions]] to occur: the ruling class cannot continue ruling in the old way, the conditions of the oppressed classes have declined, and there is increased activity of the masses. Not all revolutionary situations lead to revolution, and the revolutionary class must take action to successfully overthrow the old state.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|year=1915|title=The Collapse of the Second International|chapter=II|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/csi/ii.htm#v21pp74h-212|city=[[Moscow]]|publisher=Progress Publishers|mia=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/csi/index.htm}}</ref>

== Nature of revolution ==

=== Contradictions ===
Revolutions are born of class [[Contradiction|contradictions]] inherent to given [[Materialism|material conditions]] as they reach a culminating point. Ultimately, there is only one way to resolve the contradiction: through upsetting the social order and establishing the oppressed class as the oppressing class.

The [[Haitian Revolution|Haitian slave revolt]] that succeeded in 1804 is an example of such a revolution. The [[Slavery|slave]] class, which was oppressed and [[Exploitation|exploited]] by [[French]] [[Colonialism|colonists]], rose up to seize power from them in a bloody revolution that resulted from decades of inhumane treatment.

=== Violence ===
A revolution is a violent process. First, because the exploiting class (who is dominating the state and keeping other classes docile) is being removed from power -- this causes a major shift in the [[relations of production]] (unlike, for example, a liberal election where power only goes from one bourgeois to the other). When the [[Feudalism|feudal]] order was abolished after the [[French Revolution|French bourgeois revolution]] of 1789, lords lost all the privileges that the law gave them and saw themselves forced to operate within a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] system if they wanted to keep some power and wealth.

Secondly, there is almost always physical violence accompanying the revolution. It is either perpetrated by the [[Ruling class|dominant class]], the exploited class, or both. As one side makes sizeable wins, the other will respond in kind and commit more forces so as to shift the balance in their favour. This process then repeats for the other side. This is typically how contradictions evolve in dialectics and was perhaps best exemplified in [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s ''On Protracted War''.<ref>{{Citation|author=[[Mao Zedong]]|year=1938|title=On Protracted War|mia=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_09.htm}}</ref>

Finally, as the state is a tool of oppression of one class over another, the losing side will be subjected to violence from the state. In a communist revolution for example, the proletariat seizes state power and makes laws against the bourgeoisie: they see their private property seized and are forced to become proletariat. If they act against the [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|proletarian state]], for example trying to rally support for a [[bourgeois revolution]], they will be tried and possibly imprisoned or executed.

[[Liberalism|Liberals]] wrongly believe that some revolutions are not violent, because they seem to lack the second component (physical violence). This is a wrong assessment; [[Hong Kong protests|protesters in Hong Kong]], for example, were very violent towards the [[police]] as well as civilians. However, since it was an imperialist [[counterrevolution]], the violence was not presented in [[Bourgeois media|Western media]]. Likewise, while [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] is often presented as a revolutionary leader who used pacifism to establish a sovereign state in [[Republic of India|India]] (therefore removing the [[British]] colonial regime), many violent groups participated, such as socialists rallying under [[Bhagat Singh]]. 

=== Progress and reaction ===
A revolution is not necessarily progressive, and revolutions that are not progressive are called counter-revolutions. [[Fascism|Fascist]] revolutions, which are more often military coups, are [[reactionary]]; they wish to keep the current order intact and reinforce it.

Bourgeois revolutions were progressive in their time. Overthrowing the feudal order allowed for labour to become more productive, which ultimately allowed socialists to envision [[scientific socialism]] as a reality in the future. As time went on, the bourgeoisie turned into a reactionary force intent on keeping their power at all costs, and they must now be replaced by a progressive class: the [[proletariat]].

A progressive revolution is one that advances the class struggle. A reactionary revolution, or counterrevolution, is one that stifles the class struggle.

== Colour revolutions ==
[[Colour revolution|Colour revolutions]] are revolutions which are funded by imperialists who use popular resentment and grievances towards the state as a way to undermine [[Socialism|socialist]] or [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] countries. They are a form of counterrevolution.

== List ==

=== Feudal revolutions ===

* [[Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE)|Qin unification]] (230–221 BCE)
* Overthrow of the [[Roman Empire (27 BCE–395 CE)#Decline and collapse|Western Roman Empire]] (476)

=== Bourgeois revolutions ===

* [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Dutch Revolution|Dutch Revolt]] (1568–1609)
* [[English Civil War]] (1642–1652)
* [[Kingdom of England (927–1707)#Glorious Revolution|Glorious Revolution]] (1688)
* [[Statesian Revolution]] (1775–1783)
* [[French Revolution]] (1789–1815)
* [[Haitian Revolution]] (1791–1804)
* [[Batavian Revolution]] (1795)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Bolivian War of Independence]] (1809–1825)
* [[Peruvian War of Independence]] (1809–1826)
* [[Mexican War of Independence]] (1810–1821)
* [[Argentine War of Independence]] (1810–1818)
* [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] (1810–1823)
* [[Chilean War of Independence]] (1810–1826)
* [[Liberal Revolution of 1820|Portuguese Liberal Revolution]] (1820)
* [[Three Liberal Years|Spanish Liberal Revolution]] (1820–1823)
* [[Ecuadorian War of Independence]] (1820–1822)
* [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]] (1821–1829)
* [[Decembrist Revolt]] (1826)
* [[Belgian Revolution]] (1830–1831)
* [[July Revolution]] (1830)
* [[November Uprising]] (1830–1831, failed)
* [[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]] (1848)
* [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian Revolution]] (1848, failed)
* [[Poznań Uprising]] (1848, failed)
* [[Reform War]] (1858–1861)
* Union victory in the [[Statesian Civil War]] (1861–1865)
* [[April Uprising]] (1866)
* [[Fenian Rising]] (1867)
* [[Meiji Restoration]] (1868)
* [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Spanish Glorious Revolution]] (1868–1874)
* [[Ten Years' War]] (1868–1878, failed)
* [[Serbian Wars of Independence|Serbian Revolution]] (1876–1878)
* [[Romanian War of Independence|Romanian Revolution]] (1877–1878)
* [[Republican Revolution]] (1889)
* [[Russian revolution of 1905|Russian Revolution]] (1905, failed)
* [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910–1920)
* [[Xinhai Revolution]] (1911)
* [[February Revolution]] (1917)
* [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria#Independence struggle|Algerian Revolution]] (1954–1962)

=== Proletarian revolutions ===

* [[Paris Commune]] (1871, failed)
* [[Russian revolution of 1917|October Revolution]] (1917)
* [[Mongolian People's Revolution]] (1921)
* [[New Democratic Revolution|Chinese Revolution]] (1927–1949)
* [[August Revolution]] (1945)
* [[Cuban Revolution]] (1953–1959)

== References ==
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[[Category:Historical materialism]]
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