Editing Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)
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<blockquote>''"Yugoslavia" redirects here. For the kingdom, see [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)]]. For its successor rump state, see [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( | <blockquote>''"Yugoslavia" redirects here. For the kingdom, see [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)]]. For its successor rump state, see [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)]].''</blockquote>{{Infobox country|name=Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|national_languages=Macedonian<br>Serbo-Croatian<br>Slovene|capital=[[Belgrade]]|population_estimate_year=2021|population_estimate=23,229,846|area_km2=255,804|government_type=One-party parliamentary republic|mode_of_production=[[Socialism]]|image_map_size=200|native_name=Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија<br>Socialistična Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|year_end=1992|year_start=1945|image_map=Yugoslavia map.png|image_symbol=Yugoslav COA.png|symbol_type=Emblem|image_flag=Yugoslav flag.png|largest_city=[[Belgrade]]}} | ||
'''Yugoslavia''', officially the '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' | '''Yugoslavia''', officially the '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''', was a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]]<ref>{{Citation|author=André Munro|title=Non-Aligned Movement|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement|quote=The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[socialist state]] in the [[Balkans]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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In 1950, Yugoslavia began a policy of [[workers' self-management]] and passed a law stating that the [[means of production]] should be controlled by workers' councils.<ref name=":1" /> Tito legalized buying and selling land in 1953.<ref name=":02233232" /> | In 1950, Yugoslavia began a policy of [[workers' self-management]] and passed a law stating that the [[means of production]] should be controlled by workers' councils.<ref name=":1" /> Tito legalized buying and selling land in 1953.<ref name=":02233232" /> | ||
===Market socialism=== | ===Market socialism=== | ||
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In 1974, Yugoslavia adopted a new constitution that decentralized the government.<ref name=":1" /> | In 1974, Yugoslavia adopted a new constitution that decentralized the government.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
===Decline and | ===Decline and collapse=== | ||
After Tito's death in 1980, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] imposed an austerity program on Yugoslavia, increasing unemployment. | After Tito's death in 1980, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] imposed an austerity program on Yugoslavia, increasing unemployment. By 1991, unemployment had reached 20% and annual inflation was about 200%.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Croatia and Slovenia broke away from Yugoslavia in 1991 with support from the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]]. [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1943–1992)|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] broke away in April 1992, reducing Yugoslavia to only [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Serbia and Montenegro]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Victor Penn|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Yugoslavia: Ten years after the NATO massacre|date=2009-03-31|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/09-03-31-yugoslavia-ten-years-after-nato-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506081614/https://www.liberationnews.org/09-03-31-yugoslavia-ten-years-after-nato-html/|archive-date=2022-05-06|retrieved=2022-09-09}}</ref> | |||
Croatia and Slovenia broke away from Yugoslavia in 1991 with support from the United States and [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]]. | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
From 1939 to 1975, income tripled and industrial development increased by nine times.<ref name=":1" /> Between 1952 and 1979, Yugoslavia's economy grew by almost 400%. The economy began to stagnate after Tito's death.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Latinka Perović, et al.|year=2017|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113132255/http://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/yugoslavia%20from%20a%20historical%20perspective.pdf|city=Belgrade|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia}}</ref> The republics of Slovenia and Croatia and the autonomous province of [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (1945–1990)|Vojvodina]] were the most economically developed and had the highest per capita income. The southern areas of Montenegro, [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1944–1991)|Macedonia]], and [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (1945–1990)|Kosovo]] were the least developed, although the government subsidized more development in these regions.<ref name=":1" /> | From 1939 to 1975, income tripled and industrial development increased by nine times.<ref name=":1" /> Between 1952 and 1979, Yugoslavia's economy grew by almost 400%. The economy began to stagnate after Tito's death.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Latinka Perović, et al.|year=2017|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective|pdf=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113132255/http://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/yugoslavia%20from%20a%20historical%20perspective.pdf|city=Belgrade|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia}}</ref> The republics of Slovenia and Croatia and the autonomous province of [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (1945–1990)|Vojvodina]] were the most economically developed and had the highest per capita income. The southern areas of Montenegro, [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1944–1991)|Macedonia]], and [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (1945–1990)|Kosovo]] were the least developed, although the government subsidized more development in these regions.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Large and medium-scale industry, transport, and [[Bank|banking]] were nationalized in Yugoslavia.'''<ref name=":02">{{Citation|year=1954|title=Political Economy|chapter=The Economic System of the People's Democracies in Europe|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/pe-ch41.htm|section=The Character of the People's Democratic Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm}}</ref>''' | Large and medium-scale industry, transport, and [[Bank|banking]] were nationalized in Yugoslavia.'''<ref name=":02">{{Citation|year=1954|title=Political Economy|chapter=The Economic System of the People's Democracies in Europe|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/pe-ch41.htm|section=The Character of the People's Democratic Revolution|mia=https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm}}</ref>''' | ||
==Living standards== | ==Living standards== | ||
===Healthcare=== | ===Healthcare=== | ||
From 1939 to 1978, the number of hospital beds per 10,000 people increased from 19 to 60 and the number of physicians increased by 400%, while infant mortality decreased by 75%. Diphtheria, malaria, and typhus were also eliminated. 82% of the population was covered by health insurance.<ref>{{Citation|author=Muhamed Saric, Victor R. Godwin|title=The Once and Future Health System in the Former Yugoslavia: Myths and Realities|title-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917174823/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/rodwin/future.html|publisher=New York University}}</ref> From 1948 to 1981, the life expectancy increased from 53 years for women and 48.6 years for men to 73.2 and 67.7 years, respectively. By 1966, Yugoslavia's mortality rate decreased to 8.1 deaths per thousand people, which was lower than [[French Republic|France]] or the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] at the time.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
===Housing=== | ===Housing=== |