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| The '''Spanish Civil War''' (''Guerra Civil Española'') was a civil war in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] from 1936 to 1939 between left-wing (Republican) and right-wing (Nationalist) forces. It caused about 450,000 deaths. The only countries in the world that supported the Republicans were the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] and [[Mexican United States|Mexico]].<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2017|title=Red Star over the Third World|chapter=Colonial Fascism|page=105–106|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacecu7gb2ei65us6ip3r2ugcgkblneqcftbm456mb6bzvprkbqk55qm?filename=Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20Red%20Star%20Over%20the%20Third%20World-LeftWord%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=New Delhi|publisher=LeftWord Books}}</ref> | | The '''Spanish Civil War''' (''Guerra Civil Española'') was a civil war in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] from 1936 to 1939 between left-wing (Republican) and right-wing (Nationalist) forces. It led to a total of about 450,000 deaths. |
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| == Background == | | == Background == |
| In 1931, the Spanish monarchy was overthrown. In the 1936 election, all the left-wing parties united under the [[Popular Front]] and the right-wing parties united in the [[National Front]]. The Popular Front won by a small margin. The conservatives accused the government of electoral fraud. On 17 July 1936, a right-wing mutiny began in [[Spanish Morocco]]. On 19 July, it spread to mainland Spain and the Spanish Civil War began.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Politsturm]]|title=On the Civil War in Spain|date=2021-07-20|url=https://us.politsturm.com/on-the-civil-war-in-spain/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720200601/https://us.politsturm.com/on-the-civil-war-in-spain/|archive-date=2021-07-20|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref> | | In 1931, the Spanish monarchy was overthrown. In the 1936 election, all the left-wing parties united under the [[Popular Front]] and the right-wing parties united in the [[National Front]]. The Popular Front won by a small margin. The conservatives accused the government of electoral fraud. On 17 July 1936, a right-wing mutiny began in [[Spanish Morocco]]. On 19 July, it spread to mainland Spain. This was the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Politsturm]]|title=On the Civil War in Spain|date=2021-07-20|url=https://us.politsturm.com/on-the-civil-war-in-spain/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720200601/https://us.politsturm.com/on-the-civil-war-in-spain/|archive-date=2021-07-20|retrieved=2022-05-15}}</ref> |
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| == War == | | == War == |
| In fall of 1936, the Nationalists led by [[Francisco Franco]] and [[Emilio Mola]] marched towards Madrid. The Republicans successfully defended [[Madrid]] with the support of Soviet tanks and aircraft. During the winter of 1936–37, two Nationalist attacks on Madrid were repelled and mines in the South were kept under Republican control. Franco's forces soon recovered and occupied [[Basque Country]]. The Republicans attempted to turn the tide of the war in the failed Teruel operation. In 1937, Prime Minister [[Largo Caballero]] resigned and was replaced by [[Juan Negrin]], who was more friendly to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|USSR]]. In 1938, the Nationalists tried to take [[Valencia]] and [[Barcelona]] in the East. They failed, but it severely weakened the Republicans. At the Battle of Barcelona, the Nationalists were better equipped because [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]] had blocked a Soviet shipment to the Republicans in an attempt to avoid international conflict. On 26 January, 1939, the Nationalists took Barcelona and on 28 March, they took Madrid without much resistance, resulting in Spain being put under the rule of [[Spanish State|Franco's Dictatorship]] until the 1970s.<ref name=":0" /> | | In fall of 1936, the Nationalists marched towards Madrid under [[Francisco Franco]] and [[Emilio Mola]]. The Republicans successfully defended [[Madrid]] with the support of [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] tanks and aircraft. During the winter of 1936–37, two Nationalist attacks on Madrid were repelled and mines in the South were kept under Republican control. Franco's forces soon recovered and occupied [[Basque Country]]. The Republicans attempted to turn the tide of the war in the failed Teruel operation. In 1937, Prime Minister [[Largo Caballero]] resigned and was replaced by [[Juan Negrin]], who was more friendly to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|USSR]]. In 1938, the Nationalists tried to take [[Valencia]] and [[Barcelona]] in the East. They failed, but it severely weakened the Republicans. At the Battle of Barcelona, the Nationalists were better equipped because [[France]] had blocked a Soviet shipment to the Republicans in an attempt to avoid international conflict. On 26 January, 1939, the Nationalists took Barcelona and on 28 March, they took Madrid without much resistance, resulting in Spain being put under the rule of [[Spanish State|Franco's Dictatorship]] until the 1970's.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| The [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification]] joined with a small percentage of [[Anarchism|anarchist]] forces in an insurrection against the Republican government. This severely weakened the Republican war effort against Franco.<ref>{{News citation|author=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|newspaper=ML-Theory|title=TROTSKY’S LIES (Part 2: United Fronts)|date=2017-06-22|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/trotskys-lies-part-2-united-fronts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622142504/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/trotskys-lies-part-2-united-fronts/|archive-date=2022-06-22|retrieved=2022-07-27}}</ref>
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| == International involvement ==
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| The Soviet Union organized [[International Brigades]] to send communists from around the world to Spain to help the Republicans. Brigades came from [[British Raj (1858–1947)|India]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[Republic of the Philippines|Philippines]], the [[United States of America|United States]], and other countries. [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]], France, [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Germany]], and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] supported the Nationalists.
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| The Soviet Union sent 772 pilots to Spain in Tupolev SB bombers.<ref name=":022" />
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| == References == | | == References == |
| <references />
| | [[Category:Wars]] |
| [[Category:History of Spain]] | |
| [[Category:Civil wars]]
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