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| === Colonial rule and monarchy === | | === Colonial rule and monarchy === |
| The period of [[Italian Republic|Italian]] [[Colonialism|colonization]] in Libya occurred from 1911 to 1943, although many [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] remained in Libya until the 1970s. The colonizer's goal was to settle between 500,000 and 1 million Italians, especially the landless [[Peasantry|peasants]] from southern and central Italy. They were intended to be settled mainly in eastern Libya, in the fertile Green Mountain area.<ref name=":1">Ali Abdullatif Ahmida, Jacob Mundy [https://merip.org/2022/05/genocide-historical-amnesia-and-italian-settler-colonialism-in-libya-an-interview-with-ali-abdullatif-ahmida-2/ "Genocide, Historical Amnesia and Italian Settler Colonialism in Libya—An Interview with Ali Abdullatif Ahmida."] ''Middle East Report'' 302 (Spring 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604035443/https://merip.org/2022/05/genocide-historical-amnesia-and-italian-settler-colonialism-in-libya-an-interview-with-ali-abdullatif-ahmida-2/ Archived] 2023-06-04.</ref>
| | During the [[Second World War]], Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign. Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951. |
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| Local resistance to this settler colonialism started almost immediately, occurring throughout the [[First World War]], and intensified mostly in the eastern part of Libya led by the [[Senusiyya]] movement with [[Omar al-Mukhtar]] as a leading figure in the resistance. In response, the Italians began forcibly transferring population from the east in order to deprive the resistance of material support. Estimates vary, but nearly 110,000 Libyans were deported to 16 [[Concentration camp|concentration camps]], resulting in tens of thousands of deaths.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Moughrabi, Fouad. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A697861284/LitRC?u=anon~580f06a9&sid=googleScholar&xid=6beb7e4f "Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History."] ''Arab Studies Quarterly'', vol. 43, no. 4, fall 2021, pp. 371+. ''Gale Literature Resource Center.''</ref>
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| By the beginning of the [[Second World War]], some 150,000 Italians had settled in Libya and constituted roughly one-fifth of the country's total population.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya/History "Libya - History - Italian colonization."] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181923/https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya/History Archived] 2023-06-04.</ref>
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| During the Second World War, Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign. Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951.
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| === Jamahiriya === | | === Jamahiriya === |
