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=== Jamahiriya === | === Jamahiriya === | ||
[[Muammar Gaddafi]] overthrew King Idris in 1969 in a bloodless revolution<ref>{{ | [[Muammar Gaddafi]] overthrew King Idris in 1969 in a bloodless revolution<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm|title=1969: Bloodless coup in Libya|date=1 September 1969|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and led the country until his murder in 2011 by [[United States of America|US]]-backed forces. | ||
=== Civil war === | === Civil war === | ||
Following Gaddafi's death, two authorities initially claimed to govern Libya: the House of Representatives in Tobruk and the 2014 General National Congress (GNC) in Tripoli which considered itself the continuation of the General National Congress, elected in 2012.<ref>{{ | Following Gaddafi's death, two authorities initially claimed to govern Libya: the House of Representatives in Tobruk and the 2014 General National Congress (GNC) in Tripoli which considered itself the continuation of the General National Congress, elected in 2012.<ref name="rival">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826|work=Reuters|title=Rival second Libyan assembly chooses own PM as chaos spreads|date=25 August 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Chris Stephen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry|title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=1 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry|archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> After [[United Nations|UN]]-led peace talks between the Tobruk and Tripoli governments,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html|title=Peace talks between Libyan factions to take place in Geneva|work=Sun Herald|date=7 August 2015|access-date=7 August 2015}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a unified interim UN-backed Government of National Accord was established in 2015<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news|author=Kingsley, Patrick|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments|title=Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=1 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217161008/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments|archive-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> and the GNC disbanded to support it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-politics-idUKKCN0X22MD|title=Libya's self-declared National Salvation government stepping down|first=Ahmed|last=Elumami|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408161531/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-politics-idUKKCN0X22MD|archive-date=8 April 2016|work=Reuters|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> A second civil war began in 2014, with parts of Libya split between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based governments as well as various tribal and Islamist militias.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806|title=Libyan government offensive in Benghazi stalls as Islamists dig in|work=Reuters|date=6 August 2015|access-date=7 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/06/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806|archive-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> However, the two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire on 23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297|title=Libyan Civil War: Two warring factions sign 'permanent' ceasefire|date=24 October 2020|website=The Daily Star|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014337/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
== Conditions of Libya under Gaddafi == | == Conditions of Libya under Gaddafi == | ||
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Gaddafi sought to transform Libya into a new [[socialist state]] called a ''[[Jamahiriya]]'' ("state of the masses") in 1977 by using the government to reign in the [[cost of living]] for the Libyan [[Proletariat|working class]]. | Gaddafi sought to transform Libya into a new [[socialist state]] called a ''[[Jamahiriya]]'' ("state of the masses") in 1977 by using the government to reign in the [[cost of living]] for the Libyan [[Proletariat|working class]]. | ||
Libya was heralded by foreign press as "the [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] of Africa"<ref> | Libya was heralded by foreign press as "the [[Swiss Confederation|Switzerland]] of Africa"<ref>https://www.rt.com/news/interview-libya-nato-intrusion-127/ | ||
</ref> and was a popular destination for migrant workers seeking a strong economy to participate in.<ref> | </ref> and was a popular destination for migrant workers seeking a strong economy to participate in.<ref>https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/once-destination-migrants-post-gaddafi-libya-has-gone-transit-route-containment</ref> | ||
The following is a list of basic facts about Libya under Gaddafi.<ref name=":0"> | The following is a list of basic facts about Libya under Gaddafi.<ref name=":0">https://newsrescue.com/gaddaffis-last-formal-speech-people-libya/</ref> | ||
* No electricity bills in Libya; free electricity for all its citizens. | * No electricity bills in Libya; free electricity for all its citizens. | ||
*There was no interest on loans, [[Bank|banks]] in Libya were state-owned and loans given to all its citizens at 0% interest by law. | *There was no interest on loans, [[Bank|banks]] in Libya were state-owned and loans given to all its citizens at 0% interest by law. |