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==== Arusha Declaration (1967) ==== | ==== Arusha Declaration (1967) ==== | ||
In 1967, President Nyerere announced the intent of forming a [[socialist state]] in the [[Arusha Declaration]]. His administration nationalized key industries while developing agriculture and industry. All [[Trade union|unions]] were merged into the [[National Union of Tanganyika Workers]]. | In 1967, President Nyerere announced the intent of forming a [[socialist state]] in the [[Arusha Declaration]]. His administration nationalized key industries while developing agriculture and industry. All [[Trade union|unions]] were merged into the [[National Union of Tanganyika Workers]]. A process of forming collective villages, also called ujamaa villages, was also envisioned in the Declaration and clarified in various speeches and writings thereafter.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":11" /> | ||
==== Rural development | ==== Rural development ==== | ||
After the Arusha Declaration was made, which Nyerere described as "a declaration of intent"<ref>{{Citation|author=Julius K. Nyerere|year=1968|title=Ujamaa -- Essays on Socialism|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ujamaaessaysonso0000nyer|chapter=The Purpose is Man: A speech at Dar es Salaam University College, 5 August 1967|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> a policy booklet was published in September 1967, titled "Socialism and Rural Development".<ref name=":14">{{Citation|author=Nyerere, Julius K.|year=1968|title=Ujamaa -- Essays on Socialism.|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ujamaaessaysonso0000nyer/page/106/mode/1up|chapter=Socialism and Rural Development: Policy booklet published in September 1967|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The booklet explained various details of the ideas underpinning the goals for rural development and emphasized the importance and necessity of democratic decision-making among peasants for how to develop their villages, as well as making assessments of the limitations of Tanzania's development level and available resources at the time.<ref name=":14" /> | After the Arusha Declaration was made, which Nyerere described as "a declaration of intent"<ref>{{Citation|author=Julius K. Nyerere|year=1968|title=Ujamaa -- Essays on Socialism|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ujamaaessaysonso0000nyer|chapter=The Purpose is Man: A speech at Dar es Salaam University College, 5 August 1967|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> a policy booklet was published in September 1967, titled "Socialism and Rural Development".<ref name=":14">{{Citation|author=Nyerere, Julius K.|year=1968|title=Ujamaa -- Essays on Socialism.|title-url=https://archive.org/details/ujamaaessaysonso0000nyer/page/106/mode/1up|chapter=Socialism and Rural Development: Policy booklet published in September 1967|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The booklet explained various details of the ideas underpinning the goals for rural development and emphasized the importance and necessity of democratic decision-making among peasants for how to develop their villages, as well as making assessments of the limitations of Tanzania's development level and available resources at the time.<ref name=":14" /> | ||
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Author [[Vijay Prashad]], in his work ''[[Library:The Darker Nations|The Darker Nations]]'' which explores setbacks in the [[Three-world model|Third World]] revolutionary movements' struggles to enact their agendas, described the ujamaa villages as having two major flaws in his view, firstly that they were not constructed so as to "refashion the gendered aspects of social power" and thus failed to deal with [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] relations, and secondly, that the policy left no time to persuade the peasantry, and thus often relied on force. Prashad notes that Tanzania's experience is consistent with "a vast number of examples of Third World development", in what he describes as "Third World socialism in a hurry" born out of the need for nations to develop rapidly.<ref name=":122" /> | Author [[Vijay Prashad]], in his work ''[[Library:The Darker Nations|The Darker Nations]]'' which explores setbacks in the [[Three-world model|Third World]] revolutionary movements' struggles to enact their agendas, described the ujamaa villages as having two major flaws in his view, firstly that they were not constructed so as to "refashion the gendered aspects of social power" and thus failed to deal with [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] relations, and secondly, that the policy left no time to persuade the peasantry, and thus often relied on force. Prashad notes that Tanzania's experience is consistent with "a vast number of examples of Third World development", in what he describes as "Third World socialism in a hurry" born out of the need for nations to develop rapidly.<ref name=":122" /> | ||
==== | ==== Activism and debates ==== | ||
Activist and historian [[Walter Rodney]], who had visited Tanzania in 1966, came to live in Tanzania from 1969 to 1974, after having been banned from [[Jamaica]]. He taught history and political science at the [[University of Dar es Salaam]],<ref name=":13" /> and also wrote articles in publications such as the joint magazine of the TANU Youth League's branch and [[University Students African Revolutionary Front]] (USARF),<ref>{{Citation|year=1974|title=The Silent Class Struggle|title-url=https://archive.org/details/silentclassstrug0000unse|city=Dar es Salaam|publisher=Tanzania Publishing House}}</ref> called ''[[Cheche]]'' (meaning "spark" in Swahili), as well as in TANU's party paper ''[[The Nationalist]]'',<ref name=":15">{{Web citation|author=Shivji, Issa G.|newspaper=Monthly Review|title=Remembering Walter Rodney|date=2012-12-01|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/remembering-walter-rodney/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607085003/https://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/remembering-walter-rodney/|archive-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> and engaged in political discussions and debates, including with a TANU cabinet minister over Tanzania's economic direction. Though some of Rodney's statements drew strong criticism from Nyerere, Rodney continued to teach at the university.<ref name=":13">{{Web citation|author=Chinedu Chukwudinma|newspaper=MR Online, originally published by ROAPE (Review of African Political Economy)|title=The Mecca of African Liberation: Walter Rodney in Tanzania|date=2022-04-07|url=https://mronline.org/2022/04/13/the-mecca-of-african-liberation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606112456/https://mronline.org/2022/04/13/the-mecca-of-african-liberation/|archive-date=2024-06-06}}</ref | Activist and historian [[Walter Rodney]], who had visited Tanzania in 1966, came to live in Tanzania from 1969 to 1974, after having been banned from [[Jamaica]]. He taught history and political science at the [[University of Dar es Salaam]],<ref name=":13" /> and also wrote articles in publications such as the joint magazine of the TANU Youth League's branch and [[University Students African Revolutionary Front]] (USARF),<ref>{{Citation|year=1974|title=The Silent Class Struggle|title-url=https://archive.org/details/silentclassstrug0000unse|city=Dar es Salaam|publisher=Tanzania Publishing House}}</ref> called ''[[Cheche]]'' (meaning "spark" in Swahili), as well as in TANU's party paper ''[[The Nationalist]]'',<ref name=":15">{{Web citation|author=Shivji, Issa G.|newspaper=Monthly Review|title=Remembering Walter Rodney|date=2012-12-01|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/remembering-walter-rodney/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607085003/https://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/remembering-walter-rodney/|archive-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> and engaged in political discussions and debates, including with a TANU cabinet minister over Tanzania's economic direction. Though some of Rodney's statements drew strong criticism from Nyerere, Rodney continued to teach at the university.<ref name=":13">{{Web citation|author=Chinedu Chukwudinma|newspaper=MR Online, originally published by ROAPE (Review of African Political Economy)|title=The Mecca of African Liberation: Walter Rodney in Tanzania|date=2022-04-07|url=https://mronline.org/2022/04/13/the-mecca-of-african-liberation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606112456/https://mronline.org/2022/04/13/the-mecca-of-african-liberation/|archive-date=2024-06-06}}</ref> | ||
[[Issa G. Shivji]], another individual who had published in ''Cheche'' at the time, remarked in a 2021 interview regarding the debates, which at times were highly critical of the methods in the path to socialist construction being taken in Tanzania, that "we had some very great debates in Tanzania [...] Mwalimu did not like us but he tolerated us. He tolerated and sometimes even came to the campus to debate with us [...] there was a kind of love and hate relationship between the radical students on campus and Mwalimu Nyerere."<ref name=":12" /> After the third issue of ''Cheche'' was published, the publication was banned and USARF deregistered, and the students re-named their journal ''[[MajiMaji]]'' and many of the former USARF leadership went into the TANU Youth League and continued their activities.<ref name=":15" /> | [[Issa G. Shivji]], another individual who had published in ''Cheche'' at the time, remarked in a 2021 interview regarding the debates, which at times were highly critical of the methods in the path to socialist construction being taken in Tanzania, that "we had some very great debates in Tanzania [...] Mwalimu did not like us but he tolerated us. He tolerated and sometimes even came to the campus to debate with us [...] there was a kind of love and hate relationship between the radical students on campus and Mwalimu Nyerere."<ref name=":12" /> After the third issue of ''Cheche'' was published, the publication was banned and USARF deregistered, and the students re-named their journal ''[[MajiMaji]]'' and many of the former USARF leadership went into the TANU Youth League and continued their activities.<ref name=":15" /> |