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[[File:US military interventions map.png|thumb|388x388px|Red countries have been invaded or militarily intervened in by the United States since 1798.]] | [[File:US military interventions map.png|thumb|388x388px|Red countries have been invaded or militarily intervened in by the United States since 1798.]] | ||
'''United States imperialism''' consists of policies aimed at extending the economic, political, cultural and military influence of the [[United States of America]] over areas beyond its boundaries, especially considering the [[Marxism|Marxist]] definition of [[imperialism]] as originally defined by [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], but other aspects of imperialism as well, such as military operations and economic terrorism. | '''United States imperialism''' consists of policies aimed at extending the economic, political, cultural and military influence of the [[United States of America]] over areas beyond its boundaries, especially considering the [[Marxism|Marxist]] definition of [[imperialism]] as originally defined by [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], but other aspects of imperialism as well, such as military operations and economic terrorism. | ||
Doctrines followed (and sometimes proposed by the [[Government of the United States of America|U.S. government]] itself since its inception) such as [[Manifest Destiny]], | Doctrines followed (and sometimes proposed by the [[Government of the United States of America|U.S. government]] itself since its inception) such as [[Manifest Destiny]], Monroe and his Roosevelt Corollary, the [[Big Stick]], the [[Wolfowitz Doctrine]], the National Security Doctrine, etc. and events such as the conquest of the West, the Mexican war, the banana wars, the Spanish-Cuban-American war and, more recently, the [[Vietnam War]], the [[United States embargo against Cuba|U.S. blockade]] against [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], the [[war in Afghanistan]], etc. have made "American imperialism" a term accepted by the greater part of the international community. | ||
The United States has interfered in the elections of 45 foreign countries<ref>{{Citation|author=Dov Levin|year=2020|title=Meddling in the Ballot Box|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and organized over 132 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and military interventions around the world since 1890,<ref>{{Citation|author=Zoltán Grossman|year=|title=U.S. Military Interventions since 1890: From Wounded Knee to Syria|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=https://sites.evergreen.edu/zoltan/wp-content/uploads/sites/358/2019/11/InterventionsList2019.pdf|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> in addition to almost 100 before 1890.<ref name=":1" /> | The United States has interfered in the elections of 45 foreign countries<ref>{{Citation|author=Dov Levin|year=2020|title=Meddling in the Ballot Box|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and organized over 132 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and military interventions around the world since 1890,<ref>{{Citation|author=Zoltán Grossman|year=|title=U.S. Military Interventions since 1890: From Wounded Knee to Syria|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=https://sites.evergreen.edu/zoltan/wp-content/uploads/sites/358/2019/11/InterventionsList2019.pdf|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> in addition to almost 100 before 1890.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
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=== Early history === | === Early history === | ||
''See: [[List of atrocities commited by the United States of America#Genocide of indigenous peoples of the United States]]'' | |||
In its early existence, the United States was focused on [[Settler colonialism|settler-colonial]] expansion across the [[North America|North American]] continent through acts of genocide against the indigenous North American people, in order to secure ever-increasing amounts of territory and natural resources for the Euro-American settlers. Accompanying this process was the U.S. involvement in and perpetuation of the Atlantic [[Slavery|slave]] trade, a lengthy period in which enslaved [[Africa|African]] peoples were brought to the Americas to be used and exchanged as property by Euro-American settlers in order to work on the lands which were being methodically wrested from the indigenous population. | In its early existence, the United States was focused on [[Settler colonialism|settler-colonial]] expansion across the [[North America|North American]] continent through acts of genocide against the indigenous North American people, in order to secure ever-increasing amounts of territory and natural resources for the Euro-American settlers. Accompanying this process was the U.S. involvement in and perpetuation of the Atlantic [[Slavery|slave]] trade, a lengthy period in which enslaved [[Africa|African]] peoples were brought to the Americas to be used and exchanged as property by Euro-American settlers in order to work on the lands which were being methodically wrested from the indigenous population. | ||
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=== First World War === | === First World War === | ||
{{Main article|First World War}} | {{Main article|First World War}} | ||
=== Second World War === | === Second World War === | ||
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=== Cold War === | === Cold War === | ||
{{Main article|Cold War}} | {{Main article|Cold War}} | ||
Following the Second World War, the United States set out to create a worldwide imperialist united front to defeat the forces of communism and socialism that had taken state power in numerous countries and sought to place world capitalism under its own hegemonic leadership. Instead of punishing Axis powers [[Japan]] and [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] after the war, the United States planned to revive their economies and restore the political power of the defeated elites in both countries. The United States occupied Japan and Germany militarily, turning them into bulwarks in a global anti-communist, anti-Soviet front. | Following the Second World War, the United States set out to create a worldwide imperialist united front to defeat the forces of communism and socialism that had taken state power in numerous countries and sought to place world capitalism under its own hegemonic leadership. Instead of punishing Axis powers [[Japan]] and [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] after the war, the United States planned to revive their economies and restore the political power of the defeated elites in both countries. The United States occupied Japan and Germany militarily, turning them into bulwarks in a global anti-communist, anti-Soviet front. In 1949, the United States created NATO which grouped all of the imperialist countries of Europe together under the Pentagon’s leadership. The United States extended this new system of anti-communist alliances during the Eisenhower administration (1953-1961) with the creation of SEATO for Southeast Asia (1954) and the Baghdad Pact (CENTO) for the Middle East (1955). Once the Soviet Union had successfully developed its own nuclear weapons program and had, at great economic and social cost to its socialist economy, reached some degree of military equality with the United States, the United States opted for an alternative strategy that it labeled "containment." While containment implied a defensive strategy, in reality this was really a non-stop war against the national liberation movements and a policy of subversion inside the socialist countries. The United States treated every genuine national liberation movement as a potential ally of the USSR. They carried out a multitude of covert wars and other actions to prevent national liberation movements from succeeding and to maintain U.S. hegemony.<ref name=":12" /> | ||
In 1949, the United States created NATO which grouped all of the imperialist countries of Europe together under the | |||
Once the Soviet Union had successfully developed its own nuclear weapons program and had, at great economic and social cost to its socialist economy, reached some degree of military equality with the United States, the United States opted for an alternative strategy that it labeled "containment." While containment implied a defensive strategy, in reality this was really a non-stop war against the national liberation movements and a policy of subversion inside the socialist countries. The United States treated every genuine national liberation movement as a potential ally of the USSR. They carried out a multitude of covert wars and other actions to prevent national liberation movements from succeeding and to maintain U.S. hegemony.<ref name=":12 | |||
=== 1991–present === | === 1991–present === | ||
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== Death toll == | == Death toll == | ||
''See also: [[List of atrocities commited by the United States of America|List of atrocities committed by the United States of America]]'' | |||
Austin Murphy estimates that U.S. imperialism and [[colonialism]] have intentionally killed over 11 million unarmed civilians, including five million indigenous people, a million [[Republic of the Philippines|Filipinos]], 500,000 [[German Reich (1933–1945)|German]] and [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] people, over 500,000 [[Indonesia|Indonesians]], over a million each of [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]], [[Iraq|Iraqis]], and [[Korea|Koreans]], and over 500,000 [[Cambodia|Cambodians]]. This is a low estimate and Murphy acknowledges that the deaths of indigenous people in North America alone is over 18 million.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=Introduction|page=22–24, 37–40|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref> | |||
== Military bases == | == Military bases == | ||
[[File:US military bases.png|thumb|Map of U.S. military bases and troops deployed abroad.|374x374px]] | [[File:US military bases.png|thumb|Map of U.S. military bases and troops deployed abroad.|374x374px]] | ||
The United States has 750 military bases around the world in at least 80 countries. It also has 173,000 troops deployed in foreign countries. The country with the most U.S. military presence besides the U.S. itself is [[Japan]], with 120 bases and over 53,000 troops. Japan is followed by [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] and then [[Republic of Korea|South Korea]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Mapping U.S. Imperialism|date=2022-06-06|url=https://mronline.org/2022/06/06/mapping-u-s-imperialism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614004514/https://mronline.org/2022/06/06/mapping-u-s-imperialism/|archive-date=2022-06-14|retrieved=2022-06-17}}</ref> | |||
The United States has 750 military bases around the world in at least 80 countries. It also has 173,000 troops deployed in foreign countries. The country with the most U.S. military presence besides the U.S. itself is [[Japan]], with 120 bases and over 53,000 troops. Japan is followed by [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] and then [[Republic of Korea| | |||
In addition to having bases and troops in South Korea, the U.S. military has maintained command over the South Korean military since the Korean War in the 1950s. South Korea has operational control of its military under armistice conditions, but the United States would take over in wartime, and the U.S. combatant commander would be able to direct, organize, employ, assign command functions to, or suspend the duty of subordinate South Korean commanders and forces. In essence, if war breaks out on the Korean Peninsula, South Korea would supply the overwhelming majority of the fighting force, which would then be placed under U.S. operational control.<ref>Swanström, N. (2021, April 27). ''Not a Sovereignty Issue: Understanding the Transition of Military Operational Control between the United States and South Korea''. Institute for Security and Development Policy. <nowiki>https://isdp.eu/publication/not-a-sovereignty-issue-understanding-the-transition-of-military-operational-control-between-the-united-states-and-south-korea/</nowiki></ref><ref>[["Combined Forces Command". United States Forces Korea. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28.|"Combined Forces Command"]]. ''United States Forces Korea''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035053/https://www.usfk.mil/About/CFC/ Archived] from the original on 2022-07-28.</ref><ref>Kelly, R. E. (2017, February 27). ''Why US control of the South Korean military is here to stay''. The Interpreter. <nowiki>https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/why-us-control-south-korean-military-here-stay</nowiki></ref> | In addition to having bases and troops in South Korea, the U.S. military has maintained command over the South Korean military since the Korean War in the 1950s. South Korea has operational control of its military under armistice conditions, but the United States would take over in wartime, and the U.S. combatant commander would be able to direct, organize, employ, assign command functions to, or suspend the duty of subordinate South Korean commanders and forces. In essence, if war breaks out on the Korean Peninsula, South Korea would supply the overwhelming majority of the fighting force, which would then be placed under U.S. operational control.<ref>Swanström, N. (2021, April 27). ''Not a Sovereignty Issue: Understanding the Transition of Military Operational Control between the United States and South Korea''. Institute for Security and Development Policy. <nowiki>https://isdp.eu/publication/not-a-sovereignty-issue-understanding-the-transition-of-military-operational-control-between-the-united-states-and-south-korea/</nowiki></ref><ref>[["Combined Forces Command". United States Forces Korea. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28.|"Combined Forces Command"]]. ''United States Forces Korea''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035053/https://www.usfk.mil/About/CFC/ Archived] from the original on 2022-07-28.</ref><ref>Kelly, R. E. (2017, February 27). ''Why US control of the South Korean military is here to stay''. The Interpreter. <nowiki>https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/why-us-control-south-korean-military-here-stay</nowiki></ref> | ||
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In Afghanistan, the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration began providing covert military assistance to Afghanistan's [[Mujahideen]] in an effort to drive the Soviets out of the nation and to raise the military and political cost of Soviet presence in Afghanistan. | In Afghanistan, the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration began providing covert military assistance to Afghanistan's [[Mujahideen]] in an effort to drive the Soviets out of the nation and to raise the military and political cost of Soviet presence in Afghanistan. | ||
Under the [[Reagan Doctrine]] and the regime-change policy of rollback, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" anti-imperialist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was part of the administration's overall strategy to win the Cold War, after the policy of containment was deemed insufficient and that "rollback" of revolutionary governments was necessary. Neoconservative Jeane Kirkpatrick argued in 1979 that Third World revolutions were illegitimate and the products of Soviet expansion, an example of a common justification for the rollback strategy. According to political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould, "it was the [[Heritage Foundation]] that translated theory into concrete policy. Heritage targeted nine nations for rollback: Afghanistan, [[Republic of Angola|Angola]], [[Kingdom of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[State of Libya|Libya]], [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], and [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]]".<ref name=":10">Bodenheimer, Thomas; Gould, Robert. [https://archive.org/details/rollbackrightwin00bode/page/82/mode/2up ''Rollback!: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy''.] South End Press. 1 July 1999. p. 82. ISBN <bdi>0896083454</bdi>.</ref> | Under the [[Reagan Doctrine]] and the regime-change policy of rollback, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" anti-imperialist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was part of the administration's overall strategy to win the Cold War, after the policy of containment was deemed insufficient and that "rollback" of revolutionary governments was necessary. Neoconservative Jeane Kirkpatrick argued in 1979 that Third World revolutions were illegitimate and the products of Soviet expansion, an example of a common justification for the rollback strategy. According to political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould, "it was the [[Heritage Foundation]] that translated theory into concrete policy. Heritage targeted nine nations for rollback: Afghanistan, [[Republic of Angola|Angola]], [[Kingdom of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[State of Libya|Libya]], [[Republic of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], and [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]]".<ref name=":10">Bodenheimer, Thomas; Gould, Robert. [https://archive.org/details/rollbackrightwin00bode/page/82/mode/2up ''Rollback!: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy''.] South End Press. 1 July 1999. p. 82. ISBN <bdi>0896083454</bdi>.</ref> | ||
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=== Afghanistan === | === Afghanistan === | ||
=== Angola === | === Angola === | ||
=== Brazil === | === Brazil === | ||
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=== Cuba === | === Cuba === | ||
On March 17, 1960, President Eisenhower approved a CIA plan to arm and train Cuban exiles to overthrow [[Fidel Castro]]. Chinese nationalist pilots recruited through CIA-run Civil Air Transport trained Cuban exile pilots. On April 17, 1961, the exiles, with the help of CIA-organized air strikes, landed a force of 1,400 men at the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs]]. Numerous logistical errors took place resulting in the exiles' rapid defeat by Castro's army. After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, the Kennedy administration redoubled its efforts to get rid of Castro with [[Operation Mongoose]]. The CIA station in Miami became a $50 million per year enterprise with several thousand Cuban exile agents. During the 1960s, Cuba was subjected to countless sea and air commando raids inflicting damage on oil refineries, chemical plants, railroad bridges, sugar mills, and other targets. Several assassination attempts were made on Castro, some involving Mafia figures, utilizing techniques of shooting, bombing, and poisoning.<ref name=":10" /> Meanwhile the U.S. economic embargo on Cuba was designed with the aim of destabilizing Cuba economically in order to increase domestic discontent and spawn insurgent movements.<ref name=":9" /> The US embargo of Cuba is one of the oldest and strictest of all US sanctions regimes, prohibiting nearly all trade, travel, and financial transactions since the early 1960s.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
On March 17, 1960, President | |||
=== Dominican Republic === | === Dominican Republic === | ||
In the [[Dominican Republic]] in December 1962, liberal [[Juan Bosch]] was elected president with 60 percent of the vote. U.S. President Kennedy initially supported Bosch but turned against him when he initiated modest land reform and minor nationalizations. According to authors Bodenheimer and Gould, "In fact, Bosch was supportive of foreign investment, and was opposed by the communists as overly friendly to the United States. Because of Bosch's apparent independence in a nation long under tight U.S. control, a press campaign was started against Bosch, inaccurately linking him with communists. Kennedy turned off any new aid to the Bosch government; the CIA and U.S. military were in contact with right-wing military officers opposing Bosch. The CIA-created union federation publicly supported a coup against Bosch." In September 1963, after only seven months in office, Bosch was overthrown and Colonel [[Elías Wessin y Wessin]] took over. Less than two years later, growing dissatisfaction generated another military rebellion on 24 April 1965 that demanded Bosch's restoration. The United States dispatched 23,000 troops, which the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration justified as being necessary to prevent the spread of communism. The Marines occupied the country until a sufficiently pro-U.S. government could be found to take over.<ref name=":10" /> | In the [[Dominican Republic]] in December 1962, liberal [[Juan Bosch]] was elected president with 60 percent of the vote. U.S. President Kennedy initially supported Bosch but turned against him when he initiated modest land reform and minor nationalizations. According to authors Bodenheimer and Gould, "In fact, Bosch was supportive of foreign investment, and was opposed by the communists as overly friendly to the United States. Because of Bosch's apparent independence in a nation long under tight U.S. control, a press campaign was started against Bosch, inaccurately linking him with communists. Kennedy turned off any new aid to the Bosch government; the CIA and U.S. military were in contact with right-wing military officers opposing Bosch. The CIA-created union federation publicly supported a coup against Bosch." In September 1963, after only seven months in office, Bosch was overthrown and Colonel [[Elías Wessin y Wessin]] took over. Less than two years later, growing dissatisfaction generated another military rebellion on 24 April 1965 that demanded Bosch's restoration. The United States dispatched 23,000 troops, which the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration justified as being necessary to prevent the spread of communism. The Marines occupied the country until a sufficiently pro-U.S. government could be found to take over.<ref name=":10" /> | ||
=== Guatemala === | === Guatemala === | ||
=== Indonesia === | === Indonesia === | ||
=== Iran === | === Iran === | ||
In [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] in 1953, the CIA overthrew democratically elected prime minister [[Mohammad Mossaddegh]] after he threatened to nationalize the oil industry, which would decrease profits for British companies. According to political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould:<blockquote>The CIA's first rollback success was achieved in Iran in 1953. Nationalist Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh, elected by the parliament, had nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. The British asked for assistance and the CIA sent Middle East expert Kermit Roosevelt with a team and plenty of dollars for the purposes of bribery. In a series of machinations, the CIA overthrew nationalist Mossadegh and brought the pro-U.S. Shah into power. A key factor had been the provision of weapons, supplies, and money to Iranian army officers, winning them to the Shah's side.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>According to Nodutdol, Iran has virtually been under some form of US sanctions since the 1979 Iranian Revolution deposed the US-backed Shah and established the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 2015, Iran signed on to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), popularly known as the Iran nuclear deal, with the US and EU. In exchange for abiding by certain nuclear restrictions, Iran was promised relief from some sanctions imposed by the US, EU, and UN Security Council. The Trump administration pulled out of JCPOA in 2017, and dramatically escalated sanctions against Iran. This has had a devastating effect on Iran, particularly during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Prevented from conducting business with the US dollar, unable to access overseas assets, and blocked off from most international trade, the Iranian economy has been struck by massive unemployment, runaway inflation, and severe shortages of basic goods. This has been particularly devastating for public health, as shortages of vital medical supplies have exacerbated the rate of preventable deaths, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":11" /> | In [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] in 1953, the CIA overthrew democratically elected prime minister [[Mohammad Mossaddegh]] after he threatened to nationalize the oil industry, which would decrease profits for British companies. According to political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould:<blockquote>The CIA's first rollback success was achieved in Iran in 1953. Nationalist Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh, elected by the parliament, had nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. The British asked for assistance and the CIA sent Middle East expert Kermit Roosevelt with a team and plenty of dollars for the purposes of bribery. In a series of machinations, the CIA overthrew nationalist Mossadegh and brought the pro-U.S. Shah into power. A key factor had been the provision of weapons, supplies, and money to Iranian army officers, winning them to the Shah's side.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>According to Nodutdol, Iran has virtually been under some form of US sanctions since the 1979 Iranian Revolution deposed the US-backed Shah and established the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 2015, Iran signed on to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), popularly known as the Iran nuclear deal, with the US and EU. In exchange for abiding by certain nuclear restrictions, Iran was promised relief from some sanctions imposed by the US, EU, and UN Security Council. The Trump administration pulled out of JCPOA in 2017, and dramatically escalated sanctions against Iran. This has had a devastating effect on Iran, particularly during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Prevented from conducting business with the US dollar, unable to access overseas assets, and blocked off from most international trade, the Iranian economy has been struck by massive unemployment, runaway inflation, and severe shortages of basic goods. This has been particularly devastating for public health, as shortages of vital medical supplies have exacerbated the rate of preventable deaths, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":11" /> | ||
=== Iraq === | === Iraq === | ||
The sanctions on [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]] implemented in August 1990 by the UN Security Council Resolution 661, included a total financial and trade embargo. Not only was Iraq [[Petroleum politics|barred from exporting oil]] (its main income source) on the world market for several years, but it was also prevented from importing products from abroad. This ban included healthcare equipment and medications, even including radiotherapy equipment, chemotherapy drugs and analgesics, requests for which were consistently blocked by United States and British advisers, which translated into immeasurable suffering for Iraqi citizens. According to [[UNICEF]], the UN Children’s Fund, the death rate of children below five crossed 4,000 a month due to the lack of food and basic medications caused by the sanctions – that is up to 200 babies and toddlers dying avoidable deaths a day.<ref name=":5">Twaij, Ahmed. [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/25/lets-remember-madeleine-albright-as-who-she-really-was “Let’s Remember Madeleine Albright for Who She Really Was.”] Al Jazeera. March 25, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/25/lets-remember-madeleine-albright-as-who-she-really-was Archived] 2022-09-23.</ref> | The sanctions on [[Republic of Iraq|Iraq]] implemented in August 1990 by the UN Security Council Resolution 661, included a total financial and trade embargo. Not only was Iraq [[Petroleum politics|barred from exporting oil]] (its main income source) on the world market for several years, but it was also prevented from importing products from abroad. This ban included healthcare equipment and medications, even including radiotherapy equipment, chemotherapy drugs and analgesics, requests for which were consistently blocked by United States and British advisers, which translated into immeasurable suffering for Iraqi citizens. According to [[UNICEF]], the UN Children’s Fund, the death rate of children below five crossed 4,000 a month due to the lack of food and basic medications caused by the sanctions – that is up to 200 babies and toddlers dying avoidable deaths a day.<ref name=":5">Twaij, Ahmed. [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/25/lets-remember-madeleine-albright-as-who-she-really-was “Let’s Remember Madeleine Albright for Who She Really Was.”] Al Jazeera. March 25, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/25/lets-remember-madeleine-albright-as-who-she-really-was Archived] 2022-09-23.</ref> | ||
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=== Philippines === | === Philippines === | ||
When the United States seized the [[Republic of the Philippines|Philippines]] from [[Kingdom of Spain (1874–1931)|Spain]] in 1898, most of its territory was controlled by a Filipino resistance army. The United States fought a war against the resistance until 1902 and sporadic uprisings continued until 1915. The United States killed over 600,000 people on the island of Luzon alone and hundreds of thousands more died from starvation and disease throughout the Philippines.<ref name=":0" /> | When the United States seized the [[Republic of the Philippines|Philippines]] from [[Kingdom of Spain (1874–1931)|Spain]] in 1898, most of its territory was controlled by a Filipino resistance army. The United States fought a war against the resistance until 1902 and sporadic uprisings continued until 1915. The United States killed over 600,000 people on the island of Luzon alone and hundreds of thousands more died from starvation and disease throughout the Philippines.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Venezuela === | === Venezuela === | ||
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=== Yemen === | === Yemen === | ||
The United States has been supporting [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] in a [[proxy war]] in [[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]] that has killed at least 10,000 civilians and left millions homeless. Yemeni ambassador Ibrahim al-Deilami noted in an interview with [[Press TV]] that the United States has been fueling the war in Yemen, and, in fact, the Saudi-led military aggression against his impoverished country all started in Washington, adding that "Even US military advisers are active there to lead the aggression."<ref>[https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2021/07/06/2533828/us-fueling-saudi-war-on-yemen-envoy “US Fueling Saudi War on Yemen: Envoy.”] Tasnim News Agency. July 6, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210707234818/https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2021/07/06/2533828/us-fueling-saudi-war-on-yemen-envoy Archived] 2021-07-07.</ref> According to a report in [[Democracy Now]], "[[Cable News Network|CNN]]’s senior international correspondent Nima Elbagir says what is happening in Yemen is not a natural disaster but a 'man-made catastrophe' directly tied to U.S. policies. Elbagir says, 'Not only is the U.S. profiting from the war by selling weapons to the UAE and Saudi Arabia,' but it is also ignoring the impact on civilians."<ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2020/9/17/yemen_crisis_us_uae_saudi_arabia “A Crisis Made in America: Yemen on Brink of Famine after U.S. Cuts Aid While Fueling War.”] Democracy Now! September 17, 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220810130116/https://www.democracynow.org/2020/9/17/yemen_crisis_us_uae_saudi_arabia Archived] 2022-08-10.</ref> | The United States has been supporting [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] in a [[proxy war]] in [[Republic of Yemen|Yemen]] that has killed at least 10,000 civilians and left millions homeless. Yemeni ambassador Ibrahim al-Deilami noted in an interview with [[Press TV]] that the United States has been fueling the war in Yemen, and, in fact, the Saudi-led military aggression against his impoverished country all started in Washington, adding that "Even US military advisers are active there to lead the aggression."<ref>[https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2021/07/06/2533828/us-fueling-saudi-war-on-yemen-envoy “US Fueling Saudi War on Yemen: Envoy.”] Tasnim News Agency. July 6, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210707234818/https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2021/07/06/2533828/us-fueling-saudi-war-on-yemen-envoy Archived] 2021-07-07.</ref> According to a report in [[Democracy Now]], "[[Cable News Network|CNN]]’s senior international correspondent Nima Elbagir says what is happening in Yemen is not a natural disaster but a 'man-made catastrophe' directly tied to U.S. policies. Elbagir says, 'Not only is the U.S. profiting from the war by selling weapons to the UAE and Saudi Arabia,' but it is also ignoring the impact on civilians."<ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2020/9/17/yemen_crisis_us_uae_saudi_arabia “A Crisis Made in America: Yemen on Brink of Famine after U.S. Cuts Aid While Fueling War.”] Democracy Now! September 17, 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220810130116/https://www.democracynow.org/2020/9/17/yemen_crisis_us_uae_saudi_arabia Archived] 2022-08-10.</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||