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=== Westward expansion === | === Westward expansion === | ||
[[File:Western US wars map.png|thumb|Map of military bases and battles against indigenous nations between 1860 and 1890]]The U.S. Army fought 943 battles and skirmishes against native peoples between 1865 and 1898. Settlers reduced the native population in California from 150,000 in 1845 to 18,000 in 1890.<ref name=":12322">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|isbn=9780520972070|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05|page=157–66|chapter=The Permanent Indian Frontier}}</ref> | [[File:Western US wars map.png|thumb|Map of military bases and battles against indigenous nations between 1860 and 1890]]The U.S. Army fought 943 battles and skirmishes against native peoples between 1865 and 1898. Settlers reduced the native population in California from 150,000 in 1845 to 18,000 in 1890.<ref name=":12322">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|isbn=9780520972070|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05|page=157–66|chapter=The Permanent Indian Frontier}}</ref> | ||
[[Geronimo]] (Goyaałé) of the Apache nation led a resistance war against the U.S. colonizers from 1850 to 1886.<ref name=":9" /> | |||
The Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Crow, Gros Ventre, Mandan, and [[Lakota people|Sioux]] signed a treaty with the United States that reserved them to certain areas of land in exchange for the government paying them goods for ten years. It allowed the government to build roads and forts on their reservations. Despite the promise of goods, many natives were starving by 1853. | The Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Crow, Gros Ventre, Mandan, and [[Lakota people|Sioux]] signed a treaty with the United States that reserved them to certain areas of land in exchange for the government paying them goods for ten years. It allowed the government to build roads and forts on their reservations. Despite the promise of goods, many natives were starving by 1853. | ||
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The Dakota people of [[Minnesota]] were starving by 1862 and began a revolt against the settlers. The Union crushed them and hanged 38 in the largest mass execution in U.S. history. [[John Chivington]]'s volunteers killed 133 Cheyennes and Arapahos on the Sand Creek reservation. Colonel [[Patrick Connor]] massacred the Shoshone, Bannock, and Ute in [[Nevada]] and [[Utah]]. [[James Carleton]] fought against [[Cochise]], the leader of the [[Apache|Apaches]], in Arizona. He enlisted [[Kit Carson]], who forced 8,000 [[Navajo]] people to march 300 miles to a concentration camp in the [[New Mexico]] desert. A quarter of them starved to death.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:136–9</sup> | The Dakota people of [[Minnesota]] were starving by 1862 and began a revolt against the settlers. The Union crushed them and hanged 38 in the largest mass execution in U.S. history. [[John Chivington]]'s volunteers killed 133 Cheyennes and Arapahos on the Sand Creek reservation. Colonel [[Patrick Connor]] massacred the Shoshone, Bannock, and Ute in [[Nevada]] and [[Utah]]. [[James Carleton]] fought against [[Cochise]], the leader of the [[Apache|Apaches]], in Arizona. He enlisted [[Kit Carson]], who forced 8,000 [[Navajo]] people to march 300 miles to a concentration camp in the [[New Mexico]] desert. A quarter of them starved to death.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:136–9</sup> | ||
[[Black Kettle]] ( | [[Black Kettle]] (Mo'ôhtavetoo'o) of the Cheyenne survived the Sand Creek massacre and was forced into Indian Territory. The Army killed civilians in response to a guerrilla resistance. Black Kettle rode out unarmed to meet with [[George Custer]], and Custer ordered his soldiers to shoot him even though he was flying a white flag.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:145–6</sup> | ||
By 1879, dozens of native nations were confined to Indian Territory. | In 1874, the Army attacked Arapahos, Cheyennes, Comanches, and Kiowas in northern Texas and destroyed their supplies, forcing them onto reservations. By 1879, dozens of native nations were confined to Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. George Custer and his entire Seventh Cavalry died trying to colonize the Lakota. In response, the Army began a ruthless campaign that ended with the Wounded Knee massacre of 1890, killing up to 300 unarmed and starving people. With the decline of the resistance, the number of forts dropped from 187 to 118.<ref name=":12322" /> | ||
===Rise as global empire=== | ===Rise as global empire=== |