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Moderately prosperous society: Difference between revisions

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'''Moderately prosperous society ''' or '''Xiaokang society''' is a Chinese term, originally of Confucianism, used to describe a society composed of a functional middle-class. In December 1979, [[Deng Xiaoping]], then paramount leader of China, first proposed the idea of "xiaokang" based on the "[[Four Modernizations]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=从"小康"到"全面小康"——邓小平小康社会理论形成和发展述论--邓小平纪念网--人民网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0714/c69113-25279758.html|website=cpc.people.com.cn|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet "moderately prosperous" China|url=https://worldin.economist.com/article/17353/edition2020meet-moderately-prosperous-china|website=worldin.economist.com|date=November 21, 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=从"四个现代化"到"小康"构想与邓小平苏杭之行_中国网|url=http://www.china.com.cn/culture/txt/2008-09/28/content_16549900.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2020-05-26|website=www.china.com.cn}}</ref>
A well-off society is an attractive social ideal described by ancient thinkers , and it also expresses ordinary people's pursuit of a well-off and prosperous ideal life. The so-called comprehensive well-off society is not only to solve the problem of food and clothing, but also to meet the needs of urban and rural development in political, economic, cultural, social, ecological and other aspects. In the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the requirements for the development capacity of building a well-off society in an all-round way are defined from the four aspects of economy, politics, culture and sustainable development. Specifically, there are six "mores": a more developed economy, a more sound democracy, a more advanced science and education, a more prosperous culture, a more harmonious society, and a better life for the people.


The term is best known in recent years through its use by [[Hu Jintao]], General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of China]] between 2002 and 2012, when referring to economic policies intended to realize a more equal distribution of wealth. In the usages (''tifa'') of current General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]], the term "[[Chinese Dream]]" has gained somewhat greater prominence. During the annual National Party Congress meeting of 2015, Xi unveiled a set of political slogans called the [[Four Comprehensives]], which include "Comprehensively build a moderately prosperous society."<ref>"China's Xi Jinping unveils new 'four comprehensives' slogans" ([https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-31622571]) [[BBC]] 25 February 2015</ref>
After China's reform and opening up in 1992, it officially transformed into a well-off society in an all-round way. Building a well-off society is one of the strategies of reform and opening up.
==Origins==
It has been loosely translated as a "basically well-off" society in which the people are able to live relatively comfortably, albeit ordinarily. The term was first used in ''Classic of Poetry'' written as early as 3,000 years ago. ''Xiaokang'' may be associated with an [[Engel's law|Engel's coefficient]] of 40-50 percent.


=== Parameters of a Xiaokang Society ===
== Developmental Concepts ==
A well-off society is not a general and vague statement. He Keng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics, said in an interview  that in 1991, the National Bureau of Statistics and researchers from 12 departments including planning, finance, health, and education were formed. In accordance with the connotation of a well-off society proposed by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, 16 basic monitoring indicators and the critical value of a well-off society were established.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210828053301/https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/2002/11/18/9/#1251293 In a large developing country with a population of more than 1.2 billion, people's lives have generally reached a moderately prosperous level. In the new century, we will build a well-off society in an all-round way on this basis. What does it look like to be well-off in an all-round way]—Interview with He Keng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics.</ref>
The word "Xiaokang" first came from "Poetry Daya Minilao": "The people are tired, but they can be well-off", which means "the life of the common people is too hard, and they should get a little bit of peace." It expresses people's longing for a better and stable life in the slave society. The word "xiaokang" originally meant a relatively stable life.


(1) The per capita GDP is 2,500 RMB (At 1980 prices and exchange rates, 2,500 yuan is equivalent to $900)
On December 6, 1979, when Deng Xiaoping met with visiting Japanese Prime Minister Masahiro Ohira , he proposed that China's modernization should achieve a moderately prosperous state. He once said:<blockquote>"Quadruple the GDP per capita to reach 800 U.S. dollars, and establish a well-off society in China by the end of this century. This well-off society is called Chinese-style modernization..."<ref>Deng Xiaoping · "Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping" Volume II: People's Publishing House, 1994</ref> </blockquote>1984 On April 25, when Deng Xiaoping met with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, he said:


(2) Urban per capita disposable income of 2,400 RMB
"Quadrupling the GDP per capita to 800 US dollars means establishing a well-off society in China by the end of this century. This well-off society is called Chinese-style modernization. Quadruple, moderately prosperous society, Chinese-style modernization, these are our new concepts." <ref name=":0">[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/3455495/fee0a7YcJAdJDYggWskrMFFbBPmtMHnfF8yzl8m8lSrzppSJsZc9s5QlCumzc4qS7zwHr0UEgT_vf8BkO5BFUOoOGr3l4sdMw0ECK3NXsIrdtG6vutev People's Daily online - Xiaokang shehui]</ref>


(3) The per capita net income of farmers is 1,200 RMB
" A well-off society" is an economic concept, and it is correct to implement a well-off society first. A moderately prosperous society fully integrates the governance method of the legalist Guanzi - "the warehouse is solid and the etiquette is known, and the food and clothing are sufficient to recognize the honor and disgrace", which is the premise and foundation for the construction of a moderately prosperous society. China's economic development has made the living standard of each subject relatively better and better; the degree of freedom, rights, and human rights of each subject will be improved more and more.


(4) The per capita usable area of ​​urban housing is 12 square meters
In terms of governance philosophy, "well-off society" is not a continuation of Confucianism, but rather a manifestation of Legalism's governance philosophy. ", its measure and ultimate goal is unity and prosperity. The reason why a well-off society is said to be the inheritance of Legalism rather than Confucianism is because its fundamental value concept is consistent with Legalism: first realize the prosperity of economy and life.


(5) The per capita usable area of ​​rural steel-wood structure housing is 15 square meters;
On April 30, 1987, when Deng Xiaoping met with Spanish guests, he clearly proposed the strategic concept of "three steps": <blockquote>"The first step is to double in the 1980s. Taking 1980 as the base, the per capita GNP was only 250 at that time. Double the US dollar to reach US$500 to solve the problem of food and clothing for the people; the second step is to double again by the end of the 20th century to reach US$1,000 per capita and enter a well-off society. The third step is to spend another 30 to 50 years in the next century It will be quadrupled in time, and it will roughly reach US$4,000 per capita, and basically achieve modernization and reach the level of a moderately developed country."<ref>"Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping", Volume 3, p. 226</ref></blockquote>This strategic conception of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the thirteenth member of the Communist Party of China It was written into the report of the congress as an important guiding ideology for the modernization of the party and the country. According to Deng Xiaoping's exposition, a well-off society is a social development stage in which social productivity continues to develop, the per capita GNP is based on 800 US dollars and continues to increase, and it is constantly approaching a moderately developed country.


(6) The per capita daily protein intake is 75 grams;
It is a social development stage that adheres to the socialist road and continuously realizes the essence of socialism requires a stage of social development in which people's living standards are generally improved; it is a stage of social development in which a country's overall national strength, especially its economic strength, has been significantly enhanced, and it has gradually entered the forefront of the world.


(7) Each person in the city has a paving area of ​​8 square meters;
In this stage of social development, the domestic and foreign markets will continue to expand, and the state's macro-control will continue to improvel the economic system and other systems will continue to improve and finalize; investment in science and education will increase, and spiritual civilization will undergo major changes.


(8) 85% of rural administrative villages are connected to roads;
While the economy continues to develop in the coastal areas, the development problems in the interior will be solved; major changes will take place in the countryside, and the employment problem will be gradually solved; military equipment will be improved and updated, and the national defense will be significantly enhanced; the international status will be greatly improved and the country's influence will be greatly expanded.<ref name=":0" />


(9) An Engel coefficient of 50%;
(10) The adult literacy rate is 85%;
(11) The average life expectancy is 70 years old
(12) Infant mortality rate is at 3.1%
(13) The proportion of education and entertainment expenditure is 11%
(14) TV penetration rate is 100%;
(15) The forest coverage rate is 15%;
(16) 100% of rural primary health care counties are qualified
==Modern political discourse==
Chinese leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] used the terms ''Xiaokang society'' in 1979 as the eventual goal of Chinese modernization.
The vision of a ''xiaokang'' society is one in which most people are moderately well off and [[middle class]], and in which economic prosperity is sufficient to move most of the population in mainland China into comfortable means, but in which economic advancement is not the sole focus of society.  Explicitly incorporated into the concept of a ''Xiaokang'' society is the idea that economic growth needs to be balanced with sometimes conflicting goals of social equality and environmental protection.
The revival of the concept of a ''Xiaokang'' Society was in part a criticism of social trends in mainland China in the 1990s under [[Jiang Zemin]], in which many in China felt was focusing too much on the newly rich and not enough on mainland China's rural poor.  Furthermore, there has been a fear in some circles that Chinese society has become too materialistic placing material wealth above all other social needs.
In contrast to previous concepts such as the [[spiritual civilization]] and the campaigns against [[bourgeois liberalization]] in the 1980s, the concept of the ''Xiaokang'' society does not involve heroic self-sacrifice and does not place the material and the spiritual in opposition.  The vision of a ''Xiaokang'' society sees the need for economic growth to provide prosperity, but it sees the need for this prosperity to be broadly distributed.
In addition, the concept of a ''Xiaokang'' society is the first time in which the Communist Party of China has used a [[classical Chinese]] concept to legitimize its vision for the future of China. Its recent use has been associated with [[Hu Jintao]] and [[Wen Jiabao]] as a goal for [[mainland China]] to reach by the year 2020.
''Xiaokang'' is also a name for a semi-monthly magazine that is affiliated to the [[Qiushi]] Magazine, the party-run magazine in Beijing. Started in 2004, it mainly focuses on the political and economic development in China. Referring to itself as "Insight China", ''Xiaokang'' defines itself as a magazine that voices public opinions and discuss the current affairs regarding the Chinese Politics and social cultures.
At the meeting celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China , [[Xi Jinping]] declared, “We have achieved the first century-old goal and built a moderately prosperous society in all respects on the land of China”. Thus the goal of a Moderately Prosperous Society has been met. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210711082753/https://www.chinanews.com/gn/shipin/cns-d/2021/07-01/news893376.shtml Xi Jinping solemnly declared: build a moderately prosperous society in all respects!] - Chinanews</ref>
==See also==
*[[Buddhist economics]]
*[[Harmonious Society]]
*[[Real socialism]]
*[[Sufficiency economy]]
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Ideology of the Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:Ideology of the Communist Party of China]]

Revision as of 22:00, 1 June 2023

A well-off society is an attractive social ideal described by ancient thinkers , and it also expresses ordinary people's pursuit of a well-off and prosperous ideal life. The so-called comprehensive well-off society is not only to solve the problem of food and clothing, but also to meet the needs of urban and rural development in political, economic, cultural, social, ecological and other aspects. In the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the requirements for the development capacity of building a well-off society in an all-round way are defined from the four aspects of economy, politics, culture and sustainable development. Specifically, there are six "mores": a more developed economy, a more sound democracy, a more advanced science and education, a more prosperous culture, a more harmonious society, and a better life for the people.

After China's reform and opening up in 1992, it officially transformed into a well-off society in an all-round way. Building a well-off society is one of the strategies of reform and opening up.

Developmental Concepts

The word "Xiaokang" first came from "Poetry Daya Minilao": "The people are tired, but they can be well-off", which means "the life of the common people is too hard, and they should get a little bit of peace." It expresses people's longing for a better and stable life in the slave society. The word "xiaokang" originally meant a relatively stable life.

On December 6, 1979, when Deng Xiaoping met with visiting Japanese Prime Minister Masahiro Ohira , he proposed that China's modernization should achieve a moderately prosperous state. He once said:

"Quadruple the GDP per capita to reach 800 U.S. dollars, and establish a well-off society in China by the end of this century. This well-off society is called Chinese-style modernization..."[1]

1984 On April 25, when Deng Xiaoping met with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, he said:

"Quadrupling the GDP per capita to 800 US dollars means establishing a well-off society in China by the end of this century. This well-off society is called Chinese-style modernization. Quadruple, moderately prosperous society, Chinese-style modernization, these are our new concepts." [2]

" A well-off society" is an economic concept, and it is correct to implement a well-off society first. A moderately prosperous society fully integrates the governance method of the legalist Guanzi - "the warehouse is solid and the etiquette is known, and the food and clothing are sufficient to recognize the honor and disgrace", which is the premise and foundation for the construction of a moderately prosperous society. China's economic development has made the living standard of each subject relatively better and better; the degree of freedom, rights, and human rights of each subject will be improved more and more.

In terms of governance philosophy, "well-off society" is not a continuation of Confucianism, but rather a manifestation of Legalism's governance philosophy. ", its measure and ultimate goal is unity and prosperity. The reason why a well-off society is said to be the inheritance of Legalism rather than Confucianism is because its fundamental value concept is consistent with Legalism: first realize the prosperity of economy and life.

On April 30, 1987, when Deng Xiaoping met with Spanish guests, he clearly proposed the strategic concept of "three steps":

"The first step is to double in the 1980s. Taking 1980 as the base, the per capita GNP was only 250 at that time. Double the US dollar to reach US$500 to solve the problem of food and clothing for the people; the second step is to double again by the end of the 20th century to reach US$1,000 per capita and enter a well-off society. The third step is to spend another 30 to 50 years in the next century It will be quadrupled in time, and it will roughly reach US$4,000 per capita, and basically achieve modernization and reach the level of a moderately developed country."[3]

This strategic conception of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the thirteenth member of the Communist Party of China It was written into the report of the congress as an important guiding ideology for the modernization of the party and the country. According to Deng Xiaoping's exposition, a well-off society is a social development stage in which social productivity continues to develop, the per capita GNP is based on 800 US dollars and continues to increase, and it is constantly approaching a moderately developed country.

It is a social development stage that adheres to the socialist road and continuously realizes the essence of socialism requires a stage of social development in which people's living standards are generally improved; it is a stage of social development in which a country's overall national strength, especially its economic strength, has been significantly enhanced, and it has gradually entered the forefront of the world.

In this stage of social development, the domestic and foreign markets will continue to expand, and the state's macro-control will continue to improvel the economic system and other systems will continue to improve and finalize; investment in science and education will increase, and spiritual civilization will undergo major changes.

While the economy continues to develop in the coastal areas, the development problems in the interior will be solved; major changes will take place in the countryside, and the employment problem will be gradually solved; military equipment will be improved and updated, and the national defense will be significantly enhanced; the international status will be greatly improved and the country's influence will be greatly expanded.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Deng Xiaoping · "Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping" Volume II: People's Publishing House, 1994
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 People's Daily online - Xiaokang shehui
  3. ↑ "Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping", Volume 3, p. 226
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