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The '''Shenzhen Special Economic Zone''' is a [[special economic zone]] (SEZ) of China. One of four special economic zones (SEZ) established in May 1980, it was the first SEZ created by [[Deng Xiaoping]],<ref>{{ | The '''Shenzhen Special Economic Zone''' is a [[special economic zone]] (SEZ) of [[People's Republic of China|China]]. One of four special economic zones (SEZ) established in May 1980, it was the first SEZ created by [[Deng Xiaoping]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Vogel|first=Ezra F.|author-link=Ezra F. Vogel|title=[[Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China]]|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|date=2011|page=398}}</ref> and, like the other three zones, was modeled after [[Ireland]]'s Shannon Free Zone.<ref>{{Web citation | ||
| last =Mingjie | | last =Mingjie | ||
| first =Wang | | first =Wang | ||
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| accessdate = 2022-07-22}}</ref> | | accessdate = 2022-07-22}}</ref> | ||
Until 2010, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone comprised four of the nine districts of Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province, namely Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, and Yantian, with a total area of 493 km². In 2010, it was expanded to include the rest of the city, substantially increasing the geographical size of the SEZ.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-06/02/content_9925392.htm China expands Shenzhen special economic zone] ''Xinhua News Agency'' 2 June 2010</ref><ref>{{ | Until 2010, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone comprised four of the nine districts of Shenzhen City in [[Guangdong]] Province, namely Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, and Yantian, with a total area of 493 km². In 2010, it was expanded to include the rest of the city, substantially increasing the geographical size of the SEZ.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-06/02/content_9925392.htm China expands Shenzhen special economic zone] ''Xinhua News Agency'' 2 June 2010</ref><ref>{{Web citation |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2128370/bring-down-wall-china-officially-scraps-border-around |title=Bring down that wall: China officially scraps border around Shenzhen's old special economic zone}}</ref> | ||
==Population characteristics== | ==Population characteristics== | ||
Before Shenzhen became a special economic zone in 1980, it existed as a small city containing only 310,000 residents and less than 30,000 workers. By the end of 2000, however, the population had grown to 4.33 million and its labor force to 3.09 million.<ref name=":0">{{ | Before Shenzhen became a special economic zone in 1980, it existed as a small city containing only 310,000 residents and less than 30,000 workers. By the end of 2000, however, the population had grown to 4.33 million and its labor force to 3.09 million.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Ngai|first=Pun|date=2004|title=Women Workers and Precarious Employment in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, China|journal=Gender & Development|volume=12|issue=2|pages=29–36|doi=10.1080/13552070412331332170|issn=1355-2074|jstor=4030611}}</ref> By 2007, the official population count reached 8.6 million, of which only 2.1 million people were permanent residents, but it is difficult to estimate the exact population because of millions of unaccounted migrant workers, and the true population could have reached 12-14 million.<ref>{{Web citation|url=https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X09VT4H|title=Shenzhen (Guangdong) City Information|website=Hong Kong Means Business|language=en|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Chen|first=Xiangming|last2=de'Medici|first2=Tomas|date=2009|title=Research Note—The "Instant City" Coming of Age: Production of Spaces in China's Shenzhen Special Economic Zone|journal=Urban Geography|volume=31|issue=8|pages=1141–1147|doi=10.2747/0272-3638.31.8.1141|issn=0272-3638}}</ref> | ||
Less than 30 percent of the population are permanent residents. These are mainly state officials, entrepreneurs, technicians and skilled workers who have traveled from major cities. The other 70 percent are temporary residents, mainly migrant laborers from rural areas who lack official household registration and citizenship.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of migrants in Shenzhen are female. Pun Ngai, president of the Chinese Women Working Network and sociology professor at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, suggests that the rapid economic development of Shenzhen and the advancement of its position in the global economy are dependent on extracting female workers from the rural areas, and considers this process to be a precarious employment system in which women face inhumane working conditions and receive low wages for extensive hours.<ref name=":0" /> | Less than 30 percent of the population are permanent residents. These are mainly state officials, entrepreneurs, technicians and skilled workers who have traveled from major cities. The other 70 percent are temporary residents, mainly migrant laborers from rural areas who lack official household registration and citizenship.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of migrants in Shenzhen are female. Pun Ngai, president of the Chinese Women Working Network and sociology professor at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, suggests that the rapid economic development of Shenzhen and the advancement of its position in the global economy are dependent on extracting female workers from the rural areas, and considers this process to be a precarious employment system in which women face inhumane working conditions and receive low wages for extensive hours.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==Advantages and disadvantages of migrant work== | ==Advantages and disadvantages of migrant work== | ||
While Pun and others are critical of the system that has been implemented, empirical studies suggest that migration may promote women's autonomy — specifically when considering unmarried women migrants.<ref name=":1">{{ | While Pun and others are critical of the system that has been implemented, empirical studies suggest that migration may promote women's autonomy — specifically when considering unmarried women migrants.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Goodburn|first=Charlotte|date=2015|title=Migrant Girls in Shenzhen: Gender, Education and the Urbanization of Aspiration|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=222|pages=320–338|doi=10.1017/s0305741015000429|issn=0305-7410|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/migrant-girls-in-shenzhen(5ab10185-4579-445d-85e5-9b90f152a014).html}}</ref> Although these women may face challenges and discrimination at times, they often gain freedom from traditional expectations of women's familial and social roles, primarily by being separated from older family members and because of the influence of urban culture.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Ultimately, migration can allow young women to feel more confident and self-aware whilst providing the opportunity to increase their own social status through the acquisition of savings and personal property. It also means that they can marry later than non-migrants, thereby avoiding marrying into agricultural families that support patriarchal traditions.<ref name=":1" /> In contrast, married female migrants are expected to continue living under restrictive gender roles. | Ultimately, migration can allow young women to feel more confident and self-aware whilst providing the opportunity to increase their own social status through the acquisition of savings and personal property. It also means that they can marry later than non-migrants, thereby avoiding marrying into agricultural families that support patriarchal traditions.<ref name=":1" /> In contrast, married female migrants are expected to continue living under restrictive gender roles. | ||
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While urban life may offer poorer schooling, many mothers still advocate this lifestyle because of the benefits that their daughters may receive, such as gaining essential skills to be successful in city life, and increasing quality of life through the development of self-identity.<ref name=":1" /> While these daughters have the potential to develop these highly desired skills, they must also face a variety of environmental factors and working conditions associated with this lifestyle. | While urban life may offer poorer schooling, many mothers still advocate this lifestyle because of the benefits that their daughters may receive, such as gaining essential skills to be successful in city life, and increasing quality of life through the development of self-identity.<ref name=":1" /> While these daughters have the potential to develop these highly desired skills, they must also face a variety of environmental factors and working conditions associated with this lifestyle. | ||
==The environment== | ==The environment== | ||
Although some question the means by which Shenzhen achieved economic advancement, others see the economic rise as an unprecedented "growth miracle" in human history.<ref name=":2">{{ | Although some question the means by which Shenzhen achieved economic advancement, others see the economic rise as an unprecedented "growth miracle" in human history.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in China: Experience with Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters|last=Zeng|first=Douglas Zhihua|date=2010|publisher=World Bank|isbn=9780821384336|oclc=716953242}}</ref> According to the World Bank, China has become one of the most important members of the global economy and a leader in international trade and investment, and its growth has brought more than 400 million people out of poverty.<ref name=":2" /> In 1997, Shenzhen was declared the national model city for environmental protection, and in 2002 received the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award of Global 500 Roll of Honor based on the city’s efforts to yield gains concerning both the economy and the environment.<ref>{{Citation|last=Liu|first=Xiaozi|last2=Heilig|first2=Gerhard K.|last3=Chen|first3=Junmiao|last4=Heino|first4=Mikko|date=2007|title=Interactions Between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Shenzhen, China's First Special Economic Zone|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=62|issue=3–4|pages=559–570|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.020|issn=0921-8009|url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/8065/1/IR-06-032.pdf}}</ref> | ||
From this perspective, it appears that Shenzhen has been able to develop its economy successfully while preventing environmental damage. However, extensive environmental degradation has also taken place in Shenzhen; the rapid urbanization process has taken a large toll on water quality.<ref name=":3">{{ | From this perspective, it appears that Shenzhen has been able to develop its economy successfully while preventing environmental damage. However, extensive environmental degradation has also taken place in Shenzhen; the rapid urbanization process has taken a large toll on water quality.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Chen|first=Yi|last2=Zhang|first2=Zhao|last3=Du|first3=Shiqiang|last4=Shi|first4=Peijun|last5=Tao|first5=Fulu|last6=Doyle|first6=Martin|date=2011|title=Water Quality Changes in the World's First Special Economic Zone, Shenzhen, China|journal=Water Resources Research|volume=47|issue=11|doi=10.1029/2011wr010491|issn=0043-1397}}</ref> Shenzhen also suffers from serious air pollution due to industrial emissions, high levels of automobile traffic and construction work.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shelley|first=Fred M.|date=2015|title=Shenzhen|journal=The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries|volume=29|issue=6|pages=23–24|doi=10.1108/rr-04-2015-0103|issn=0950-4125}}</ref> Since the development of Shenzhen has greatly influenced other economic zones within China, it is feared that similar effects may result in these other locations as well. While the implementation of environmental policies may reduce the severity of these consequences, it is predicted that mending the damage that has already happened will take substantial time and effort.<ref name=":3" /> All members of society must face the environmental degradation that has occurred; however, it is the migrant workers who face the harshest impact because they live in crowded and heavily restricted factory dormitories.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | ||
[[Category:People's Republic of China]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:30, 21 October 2024
 | This article cites few or no sources and was directly copied from Wikipedia. Do not take the information presented here uncritically. |
The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is a special economic zone (SEZ) of China. One of four special economic zones (SEZ) established in May 1980, it was the first SEZ created by Deng Xiaoping,[1] and, like the other three zones, was modeled after Ireland's Shannon Free Zone.[2]
Until 2010, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone comprised four of the nine districts of Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province, namely Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, and Yantian, with a total area of 493 km². In 2010, it was expanded to include the rest of the city, substantially increasing the geographical size of the SEZ.[3][4]
Population characteristics[edit | edit source]
Before Shenzhen became a special economic zone in 1980, it existed as a small city containing only 310,000 residents and less than 30,000 workers. By the end of 2000, however, the population had grown to 4.33 million and its labor force to 3.09 million.[5] By 2007, the official population count reached 8.6 million, of which only 2.1 million people were permanent residents, but it is difficult to estimate the exact population because of millions of unaccounted migrant workers, and the true population could have reached 12-14 million.[6][7]
Less than 30 percent of the population are permanent residents. These are mainly state officials, entrepreneurs, technicians and skilled workers who have traveled from major cities. The other 70 percent are temporary residents, mainly migrant laborers from rural areas who lack official household registration and citizenship.[5] The majority of migrants in Shenzhen are female. Pun Ngai, president of the Chinese Women Working Network and sociology professor at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, suggests that the rapid economic development of Shenzhen and the advancement of its position in the global economy are dependent on extracting female workers from the rural areas, and considers this process to be a precarious employment system in which women face inhumane working conditions and receive low wages for extensive hours.[5]
Advantages and disadvantages of migrant work[edit | edit source]
While Pun and others are critical of the system that has been implemented, empirical studies suggest that migration may promote women's autonomy — specifically when considering unmarried women migrants.[8] Although these women may face challenges and discrimination at times, they often gain freedom from traditional expectations of women's familial and social roles, primarily by being separated from older family members and because of the influence of urban culture.[8]
Ultimately, migration can allow young women to feel more confident and self-aware whilst providing the opportunity to increase their own social status through the acquisition of savings and personal property. It also means that they can marry later than non-migrants, thereby avoiding marrying into agricultural families that support patriarchal traditions.[8] In contrast, married female migrants are expected to continue living under restrictive gender roles.
While urban life may offer poorer schooling, many mothers still advocate this lifestyle because of the benefits that their daughters may receive, such as gaining essential skills to be successful in city life, and increasing quality of life through the development of self-identity.[8] While these daughters have the potential to develop these highly desired skills, they must also face a variety of environmental factors and working conditions associated with this lifestyle.
The environment[edit | edit source]
Although some question the means by which Shenzhen achieved economic advancement, others see the economic rise as an unprecedented "growth miracle" in human history.[9] According to the World Bank, China has become one of the most important members of the global economy and a leader in international trade and investment, and its growth has brought more than 400 million people out of poverty.[9] In 1997, Shenzhen was declared the national model city for environmental protection, and in 2002 received the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award of Global 500 Roll of Honor based on the city’s efforts to yield gains concerning both the economy and the environment.[10]
From this perspective, it appears that Shenzhen has been able to develop its economy successfully while preventing environmental damage. However, extensive environmental degradation has also taken place in Shenzhen; the rapid urbanization process has taken a large toll on water quality.[11] Shenzhen also suffers from serious air pollution due to industrial emissions, high levels of automobile traffic and construction work.[12] Since the development of Shenzhen has greatly influenced other economic zones within China, it is feared that similar effects may result in these other locations as well. While the implementation of environmental policies may reduce the severity of these consequences, it is predicted that mending the damage that has already happened will take substantial time and effort.[11] All members of society must face the environmental degradation that has occurred; however, it is the migrant workers who face the harshest impact because they live in crowded and heavily restricted factory dormitories.[5]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (2011) (p. 398). The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- ↑ "How Ireland's free trade zone model inspired the Shenzhen SEZ" (2018-10-15). China Daily.
- ↑ China expands Shenzhen special economic zone Xinhua News Agency 2 June 2010
- ↑ "Bring down that wall: China officially scraps border around Shenzhen's old special economic zone".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Women Workers and Precarious Employment in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, China (2004). Gender & Development, vol.12 (pp. 29–36). ISSN 1355-2074 doi: 10.1080/13552070412331332170 [HUB]
- ↑ "Shenzhen (Guangdong) City Information". Hong Kong Means Business.
- ↑ Research Note—The "Instant City" Coming of Age: Production of Spaces in China's Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (2009). Urban Geography, vol.31 (pp. 1141–1147). ISSN 0272-3638 doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.31.8.1141 [HUB]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Migrant Girls in Shenzhen: Gender, Education and the Urbanization of Aspiration (2015). The China Quarterly, vol.222 (pp. 320–338). ISSN 0305-7410 doi: 10.1017/s0305741015000429 [HUB]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in China: Experience with Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters (2010). World Bank. ISBN 9780821384336
- ↑ Interactions Between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Shenzhen, China's First Special Economic Zone (2007). Ecological Economics, vol.62 (pp. 559–570). ISSN 0921-8009 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.020 [HUB]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Water Quality Changes in the World's First Special Economic Zone, Shenzhen, China (2011). Water Resources Research, vol.47. ISSN 0043-1397 doi: 10.1029/2011wr010491 [HUB]
- ↑ Shenzhen (2015). The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries, vol.29 (pp. 23–24). ISSN 0950-4125 doi: 10.1108/rr-04-2015-0103 [HUB]