Timeline of Marx and Engels: Difference between revisions

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Uma pequena cronologia de Marx e Engels, boa parte tirada da 4ª reimpressão de março de 2020 de ''Crítica ao Programa da Gotha'' publicada pela Boitempo.
A short timeline of Marx and Engels, much of it taken from the 4th reprint of March 2020 of Critique of the Gotha Program published by Boitempo in Brazil.
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|'''1818'''
|'''1818'''
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Karl Marx nasce em Tréveris, capital da província do Reno no Reino da Prússia no dia 5 de maio, numa família pequeno-burguesa.
Karl Marx was born in Trier, capital of the Rhine province in the Kingdom of Prussia on May 5, into a small bourgeois family.
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Engels nasce no dia 28 de novembro em Barmen, no Reino da Prússia. Cresce no seio de uma família de burgueses industriais religiosa e conservadora.
Engels was born on November 28 in Barmen, Prussia. He grows up in a religious and conservative bourgeois industrial family.
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|'''1835'''
|'''1835'''
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Escreve ''Reflexões de um jovem perante a escolha de sua profissão'' e presta exame final de bacharelado em Tréveris.
Marx writes ''Reflections of a young man on the choice of a profession'' and takes the final examination for a Bachelor's degree in Trier.


Embora tivesse desejo de estudar filosofia e literatura, passa a estudar Direito na Universidade de Bonn aos 17 anos por pressão do pai.
Although he wanted to study philosophy and literature, he went on to study law at the University of Bonn at the age of 17 under pressure from his father.
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|'''1836'''
|'''1836'''
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No verão, fica noivo de Jenny von Westphalen, sua vizinha e amiga de infância em Tréveris.
In the summer, she is engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, her neighbor and childhood friend in Trier.
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|'''1837'''
|'''1837'''
|Transfere-se para a Universidade de Berlim.
|You transfer to the University of Berlin.
 
In a letter to his father, he describes his contradictory relationship with Hegelianism, the prevailing doctrine of the time.
 
|At his father's insistence, Engels starts working in the family business.
Em carta ao pai, descreve sua relação contraditória com o hegelianismo, doutrina predominante da época.
|Por insistência do pai, Engels começa a trabalhar nos negócios da família.
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|'''1838'''
|'''1838'''
|Marx abandona o estudo de Direito e passa a estudar Filosofia.  
|Marx leaves law school and begins to study philosophy.
 
Karl Marx's father dies on May 10.
Pai de Karl Marx morre no dia 10 de maio.
|Engels begins to write literary and socio-political essays, poems and philosophical pamphlets in different periodicals.
|Começa a escrever ensaios literários e sociopolíticos, poemas e panfletos filosóficos em diferentes periódicos.
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|'''1839'''
|'''1839'''
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|Engels passa a dedicar-se ao estudo da filosofia de Hegel.
|Engels starts to dedicate himself to the study of Hegel's philosophy.


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|'''1841'''
|'''1841'''
|Finaliza sua tese de doutorado sobre as diferenças entre as filosofias de Demócrito e Epicuro e recebe seu título de doutor na Universidade de Iena em 15 de abril.
|He finishes his doctoral thesis on the differences between the philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus and receives his doctoral degree from the University of Jena on April 15.
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| rowspan="2" |'''1842'''
| rowspan="2" |'''1842'''
|Começa a colaborar com o jornal Gazeta Renana (''Rheinische Zeitung'', em alemão).
|He begins to collaborate with the newspaper Rhenish Gazette (''Rheinische Zeitung'', in German).


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| colspan="2" |Em 16 de novembro, Marx e Engels se contatam pela primeira vez, em visita de Engels à sede do ''Rheinische Zeitung''.
| colspan="2" |On November 16th, Marx and Engels contact each other for the first time, on a visit of Engels to the headquarters of the ''Rheinische Zeitung''.
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|'''1843'''
|'''1843'''
|O ''Rheinische Zeitung'' é fechado pelo regime prussiano.
|The Rheinische Zeitung is closed by the Prussian regime.




Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen.


Marx casa-se com Jenny von Westphalen


Em dezembro, finaliza seu manuscrito ''Crítica da Filosofia do Direito de Hegel'', embora não publicado em vida, um trecho seria lançado em artigos para o ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher'' em 1844.
In December, he finalized his manuscript ''Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law'', although not published in life, an excerpt would be released in articles for ''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'' in 1844.


|Em Manchester, Engels conheceu Mary Burns (1823-1863), uma jovem mulher trabalhadora com opiniões radicais. Iniciam uma relação que dura até à sua morte duas décadas mais tarde, embora nunca tenham casado.
|In Manchester, Engels met Mary Burns (1823-1863), a young working woman with radical opinions. They began a relationship that lasted until her death two decades later, although they never married.




Em cartas para a irmã Marie, Engels descreve seu entusiasmo pela natureza, música, livros, pintura, viagens, esporte, vinho, cerveja e tabaco.
In letters to her sister Marie, Engels describes her enthusiasm for nature, music, books, painting, travel, sports, wine, beer and tobacco.
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| rowspan="2" |'''1844'''
| rowspan="2" |'''1844'''
|Escreve os ''Manuscritos econômicos-filosóficos''.
|Writes the ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844''.




The Prussian government decrees the arrest of Marx and others for their collaboration with Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.


O governo prussiano decreta a prisão de Marx e outros pela colaboração com o ''Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher''.
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|Em fevereiro, Engels publica ''Esboço para uma crítica da economia política'', texto que influenciou profundamente Marx.
 
 
Deixa Manchester e vai para Paris.
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| colspan="2" |Em Paris, Marx e Engels desenvolvem uma estreita amizade e juntos desenvolvem atividades militantes, o que os leva a criar laços cada vez mais profundos com as organizações de trabalhadores de Paris e Bruxelas.
| colspan="2" |In Paris, Marx and Engels develop a close friendship and together they develop militant activities, which leads them to create ever deeper ties with the workers' organizations of Paris and Brussels.
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|'''1845'''
|'''1845'''
|Em colaboração com Engels, é publicado o livro ''A sagrada família''.
|In collaboration with Engels, the book ''The Holy Family'' is published.




Marx elabora as ''Teses sobre Feuerbach''.
Marx writes the ''Thesis on Feuerbach''.


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|'''1846'''
|'''1846'''
| colspan="2" |Por falta de editor, Marx e Engels desistem de publicar ''A ideologia alemã'', que só seria publicada pela primeira vez em 1932 na [[União Soviética]].
| colspan="2" |Due to the lack of an editor, Marx and Engels gave up publishing ''The German Ideology'', which would only be published for the first time in 1932 in the Soviet Union.


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|'''1847'''
|'''1847'''
| colspan="2" |Marx e Engels filiam-se à Liga dos Justos, que seria em seguida nomeada Liga dos Comunistas. Ambos participam juntos do I Congresso da Liga dos Justos, ocasião em que se encomenda aos dois a escrita do ''Manifesto Comunista''.
| colspan="2" |Marx and Engels joined the League of the Righteous, which would then be called the League of Communists. Both participated together in the First Congress of the League of the Righteous, where they were asked to write the ''Communist Manifesto''.


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|'''1848'''
|'''1848'''
| colspan="2" |Em fevereiro, Marx e Engels publicam o ''Manifesto Comunista.''
| colspan="2" |In February, Marx and Engels publish the ''Communist Manifesto''.
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|'''1859'''
|'''1859'''
|Publica em Berlim, ''Para a crítica da economia política''. A obra não tinha sido publicada anteriormente por falta de dinheiro. Sobre o caso, Marx comenta; ''"Seguramente é a primeira vez que alguém escreve sobre o dinheiro com tanta falta dele."'' O livro, embora esperado, não foi bem recebido pelos companheiros.
|Publishes in Berlin, ''Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy''. The book had not previously been published for lack of money. Marx comments on the case: ''"Surely this is the first time anyone has written about money with such a lack of it"''. The book, though expected, was not well received by his colleagues.


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|'''1867'''
|'''1867'''
|O editor Otto Meissner publica, em Hamburgo, o primeiro volume de ''O capital''.
|Publisher Otto Meissner publishes the first volume of ''Capital'' in Hamburg.


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|'''1875'''
|'''1875'''
|Redige observações ao Programa de Gotha, da social-democracia alemã.
|He writes observations to the Gotha Program of the German Social Democracy.


|Por iniciativa de Engels, é publicada ''Crítica do Programa de Gotha'', de Marx.
|At the initiative of Engels, it is published ''Critique of the Gotha Program'', by Marx.
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|'''1878'''
|'''1878'''
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|Publica ''Anti-Dühring''.
|Publishes ''Anti-Dühring''.
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|'''1883'''
|'''1883'''
|Marx morre em Londres, em 14 de março.
|Marx dies in London on March 14.


|Começa a esboçar ''A dialética da natureza'', que viria a ser publicada postumamente em 1927. No sepultamento de Marx, profere o ''Discurso diante da sepultura de Marx''.
|He began to sketch the dialectics of nature, which would be published posthumously in 1927. At Marx's burial, he delivers the ''Speech at the grave of Karl Marx''.
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|'''1884'''
|'''1884'''
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|Publica ''A origem da família, da propriedade privada e do Estado''.
|Publishes ''The origin of the family, private property and the State''.


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|'''1885'''
|'''1885'''
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|Editado por Engels, é publicado o segundo volume de ''O capital''.
|Edited by Engels, the second volume of ''Capital'' is published.
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|'''1894'''
|'''1894'''
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|Também editado por Engels, o terceiro volume de ''O capital'' é publicado.
|Also edited by Engels, the third volume of ''Capital'' is published.
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|'''1895'''
|'''1895'''
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|Após longo tratamento médico, Engels morre em Londres, no dia 5 de agosto.
|After long medical treatment, Engels dies in London on August 5.
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[[pt:Cronologia de Marx e Engels]]
[[pt:Cronologia de Marx e Engels]]

Revision as of 21:44, 15 October 2020

A short timeline of Marx and Engels, much of it taken from the 4th reprint of March 2020 of Critique of the Gotha Program published by Boitempo in Brazil.

Ano Marx Engels
1818

Karl Marx was born in Trier, capital of the Rhine province in the Kingdom of Prussia on May 5, into a small bourgeois family.

1820

Engels was born on November 28 in Barmen, Prussia. He grows up in a religious and conservative bourgeois industrial family.

1835

Marx writes Reflections of a young man on the choice of a profession and takes the final examination for a Bachelor's degree in Trier.

Although he wanted to study philosophy and literature, he went on to study law at the University of Bonn at the age of 17 under pressure from his father.

1836

In the summer, she is engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, her neighbor and childhood friend in Trier.

1837 You transfer to the University of Berlin.

In a letter to his father, he describes his contradictory relationship with Hegelianism, the prevailing doctrine of the time.

At his father's insistence, Engels starts working in the family business.
1838 Marx leaves law school and begins to study philosophy.

Karl Marx's father dies on May 10.

Engels begins to write literary and socio-political essays, poems and philosophical pamphlets in different periodicals.
1839 Engels starts to dedicate himself to the study of Hegel's philosophy.
1841 He finishes his doctoral thesis on the differences between the philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus and receives his doctoral degree from the University of Jena on April 15.
1842 He begins to collaborate with the newspaper Rhenish Gazette (Rheinische Zeitung, in German).
On November 16th, Marx and Engels contact each other for the first time, on a visit of Engels to the headquarters of the Rheinische Zeitung.
1843 The Rheinische Zeitung is closed by the Prussian regime.


Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen.


In December, he finalized his manuscript Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law, although not published in life, an excerpt would be released in articles for Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher in 1844.

In Manchester, Engels met Mary Burns (1823-1863), a young working woman with radical opinions. They began a relationship that lasted until her death two decades later, although they never married.


In letters to her sister Marie, Engels describes her enthusiasm for nature, music, books, painting, travel, sports, wine, beer and tobacco.

1844 Writes the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844.


The Prussian government decrees the arrest of Marx and others for their collaboration with Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

In Paris, Marx and Engels develop a close friendship and together they develop militant activities, which leads them to create ever deeper ties with the workers' organizations of Paris and Brussels.
1845 In collaboration with Engels, the book The Holy Family is published.


Marx writes the Thesis on Feuerbach.

1846 Due to the lack of an editor, Marx and Engels gave up publishing The German Ideology, which would only be published for the first time in 1932 in the Soviet Union.
1847 Marx and Engels joined the League of the Righteous, which would then be called the League of Communists. Both participated together in the First Congress of the League of the Righteous, where they were asked to write the Communist Manifesto.
1848 In February, Marx and Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.
1859 Publishes in Berlin, Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. The book had not previously been published for lack of money. Marx comments on the case: "Surely this is the first time anyone has written about money with such a lack of it". The book, though expected, was not well received by his colleagues.
1867 Publisher Otto Meissner publishes the first volume of Capital in Hamburg.
1875 He writes observations to the Gotha Program of the German Social Democracy. At the initiative of Engels, it is published Critique of the Gotha Program, by Marx.
1878 Publishes Anti-Dühring.
1883 Marx dies in London on March 14. He began to sketch the dialectics of nature, which would be published posthumously in 1927. At Marx's burial, he delivers the Speech at the grave of Karl Marx.
1884 Publishes The origin of the family, private property and the State.
1885 Edited by Engels, the second volume of Capital is published.
1894 Also edited by Engels, the third volume of Capital is published.
1895 After long medical treatment, Engels dies in London on August 5.
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