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| image_flag = Flag_of_Venezuela.svg | | image_flag = Flag_of_Venezuela.svg | ||
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg | | image_coat = Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg | ||
|capital=Caracas|largest_city=Caracas | |capital=Caracas|largest_city=Caracas| image_map = Venezuela Map.svg | ||
| image_map_size = | | image_map_size = 220px | ||
| official_languages = Spanish | |||
| recognized_national_languages = 26 indigenous languages | | recognized_national_languages = 26 indigenous languages | ||
| area_km2 = 916,445 | | area_km2 = 916,445 | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Venezuela''', officially the '''Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela''',<ref>{{News citation|date=15 December 1999|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela|url=http://www.me.gob.ve/media/contenidos/2006/d_269_8.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001032323/http://www.me.gob.ve/media/contenidos/2006/d_269_8.pdf}}</ref> is a country on the northern coast of [[South America]], sharing borders on the west with [[Colombia]], [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]] | '''Venezuela''', officially the '''Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela''',<ref>{{News citation|date=15 December 1999|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela|url=http://www.me.gob.ve/media/contenidos/2006/d_269_8.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001032323/http://www.me.gob.ve/media/contenidos/2006/d_269_8.pdf}}</ref> is a country on the northern coast of [[South America]], sharing borders on the west with [[Colombia]], [[Federative Republic of Brazil|Brazil]] by the south, [[Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] on the north-east, and on the east with [[Co-operative Republic of Guyana|Guyana]]. It consists of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the [[Caribbean Sea]]. | ||
Venezuela has been the target of hostility from the [[United States imperialism|US imperialists]] due to its significant reserves of [[Petroleum politics|oil]], as well as its recent trend of electing left-leaning progressive governments which prioritize [[Bolivarian missions|social programs]] and the implementation of what some observers describe as [[Socialism of the 21st century]].<ref>https://pt.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Resolucoesdo3oCongressoPT.pdf</ref> | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Early republic === | === Early republic === | ||
General [[Ezequiel Zamora]] led the [[peasantry]] in the [[Federal War]] (1859–1863). He fought against the [[ruling class]] and tried to redistribute land and wealth.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2023-02-28|title=The Strategic Revolutionary Thought and Legacy of Hugo Chávez Ten Years After His Death|url=https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-61-chavez/|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429215204/https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-61-chavez/|archive-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> | |||
General [[Ezequiel Zamora]] led the [[peasantry]] in the [[Federal War]] (1859–1863). He fought against the [[ruling class]] | |||
In 1895, a boundary dispute between Venezuela and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] emerged. The United States asserted the imperialist [[Monroe Doctrine]], which considers the Americas to be territory for colonization by the USA rather than colonization by [[Europe]], causing Britain to back down in the dispute. The affair was an early instance of the Monroe Doctrine being invoked and the U.S. asserting itself as an imperial power.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/venezuela “Milestones: 1866–1898 - Office of the Historian.”] 2023. State.gov. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">Wilkins, Brett. [https://www.telesurenglish.net/opinion/The-History--and-Hypocrisy--of-US-Meddling-in-Venezuela--20190128-0016.html “The History - and Hypocrisy - of US Meddling in Venezuela.”] Telesurenglish.net. teleSUR. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230307033238/https://www.telesurenglish.net/opinion/The-History--and-Hypocrisy--of-US-Meddling-in-Venezuela--20190128-0016.html Archived] 2023-03-07.</ref> | |||
From 1902 to 1903, Venezuela was blockaded by [[Europe|European]] navies.<ref>{{News citation|title=US Imperialism in Nicaragua and the Making of Sandino|date=2020-02-21|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/sandino-us-imperialism-making-20200219-0029.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305215145/https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/sandino-us-imperialism-making-20200219-0029.html|archive-date=2021-03-05|retrieved=2022-06-25}}</ref> | From 1902 to 1903, Venezuela was blockaded by [[Europe|European]] navies.<ref>{{News citation|title=US Imperialism in Nicaragua and the Making of Sandino|date=2020-02-21|url=https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/sandino-us-imperialism-making-20200219-0029.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305215145/https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/sandino-us-imperialism-making-20200219-0029.html|archive-date=2021-03-05|retrieved=2022-06-25}}</ref> | ||
During the [[Dutch-Venezuelan crisis of 1908]], the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] helped Venezuelan Vice President [[Juan Vicente Gomez]] seize power in a coup. Gomez endeared himself to [[ | During the [[Dutch-Venezuelan crisis of 1908]], the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] helped Venezuelan Vice President [[Juan Vicente Gomez]] seize power in a coup. Gomez endeared himself to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] and [[Wall Street]] by granting highly lucrative concessions to foreign oil companies including [[ExxonMobil|Standard Oil]] (ExxonMobil today) and [[Royal Dutch Shell]].<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Bolivarian government (1999–present) === | === Bolivarian government (1999–present) === | ||
==== Chávez presidency ==== | ==== Chávez presidency ==== | ||
The Bolivarian Revolution refers to a [[left-wing populism]] social movement and political process in Venezuela led by Venezuelan president [[Hugo Chávez]] who founded the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]]. The "Bolivarian Revolution" is named after [[Simón Bolívar]], an early 19th-century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader. According to Chávez and other supporters, the "Bolivarian Revolution" seeks to build a mass movement to implement [[Bolivarianism]]—[[popular democracy]], economic independence, equitable distribution of revenues, and an end to political corruption—in Venezuela. They interpret Bolívar's ideas from a populist perspective, using [[Socialism|socialist]] rhetoric.<ref>https://www.mintpressnews.com/bolivarianism-vs-fake-us-democracy/38258/</ref> | |||
The Bolivarian Revolution refers to a left-wing | |||
==== Maduro presidency ==== | ==== Maduro presidency ==== | ||
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On March 17, 2022, President Maduro announced a new social media app called [[Ven App]] which will be used as a means of direct communication with the government, in an effort to help the government reach citizens with better services. It has been inspired by [[Russian Federation|Russia]]'s [[VK]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s [[WeChat]].<ref>{{News citation|title=Ven App: Venezuela’s New Social Media|date=2022-03-27|url=https://orinocotribune.com/ven-app-venezuelas-new-social-media/}}</ref> | On March 17, 2022, President Maduro announced a new social media app called [[Ven App]] which will be used as a means of direct communication with the government, in an effort to help the government reach citizens with better services. It has been inspired by [[Russian Federation|Russia]]'s [[VK]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s [[WeChat]].<ref>{{News citation|title=Ven App: Venezuela’s New Social Media|date=2022-03-27|url=https://orinocotribune.com/ven-app-venezuelas-new-social-media/}}</ref> | ||
== Imperialist aggression == | == Imperialist aggression == | ||
=== US coup attempts === | === US coup attempts === | ||
[[Chavismo]] has attracted repeated attacks from the US imperialists to the north, including coup attempts in 2002, [[2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt|2019]], and [[Operation Gideon|2020]] | [[Chavismo]] has attracted repeated attacks from the US imperialists to the north, including coup attempts in 2002, [[2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt|2019]], and [[Operation Gideon|2020]]<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Benjamin Norton]]|date=2022-02-06|title=CIA backed failed 2020 invasion of Venezuela, top coup-plotter says|url=https://youtu.be/v5K4ktRw0Ps|newspaper=[[Multipolarista]]}}</ref>, among others.<ref>https://elpais.com/diario/2002/04/17/internacional/1018994403_850215.html</ref><ref>https://www.rt.com/usa/497111-trump-ruined-venezuela-coup/</ref> | ||
In his 2020 memoir ''The Room Where It Happened'', [[John Bolton]], former National Security Advisor under U.S. President [[Donald Trump]], wrote regarding Venezuela:<blockquote>Shortly after the drone attack [on Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro on August 4, 2018]<ref>{{News citation|author=Joe Parkin Daniels|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro survives apparent assassination attempt|date=2018-08-05|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/nicolas-maduros-speech-cut-short-while-soldiers-scatter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/nicolas-maduros-speech-cut-short-while-soldiers-scatter|archive-date=2022-07-15|retrieved=2022-07-15}}</ref>, during an unrelated meeting on August 15, Venezuela came up, and Trump said to me emphatically, “Get it done," meaning get rid of the Maduro regime. “This is the fifth time I've asked for it,” he continued. [...] Trump insisted he wanted military options for Venezuela and then keep it because “it's really part of the United States.”<ref>{{Citation|author=John Bolton|year=2020|title=The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir|title-url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=QjTMDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=ko&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=Chapter 9: Venezuela Libre|quote=Shortly after the drone attack, during an unrelated meeting on August 15, Venezuela came up, and Trump said to me emphatically, “Get it done," meaning get rid of the Maduro regime. “This is the fifth time I've asked for it,” he continued. I described the thinking we were doing, in a meeting now slimmed down to just Kelly and me, but Trump insisted he wanted military options for Venezuela and then keep it because “it's really part of the United States.”|publisher=Simon and Schuster}}</ref></blockquote> | In his 2020 memoir ''The Room Where It Happened'', [[John Bolton]], former National Security Advisor under U.S. President [[Donald Trump]], wrote regarding Venezuela:<blockquote>Shortly after the drone attack [on Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro on August 4, 2018]<ref>{{News citation|author=Joe Parkin Daniels|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro survives apparent assassination attempt|date=2018-08-05|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/nicolas-maduros-speech-cut-short-while-soldiers-scatter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/04/nicolas-maduros-speech-cut-short-while-soldiers-scatter|archive-date=2022-07-15|retrieved=2022-07-15}}</ref>, during an unrelated meeting on August 15, Venezuela came up, and Trump said to me emphatically, “Get it done," meaning get rid of the Maduro regime. “This is the fifth time I've asked for it,” he continued. [...] Trump insisted he wanted military options for Venezuela and then keep it because “it's really part of the United States.”<ref>{{Citation|author=John Bolton|year=2020|title=The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir|title-url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=QjTMDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=ko&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=Chapter 9: Venezuela Libre|quote=Shortly after the drone attack, during an unrelated meeting on August 15, Venezuela came up, and Trump said to me emphatically, “Get it done," meaning get rid of the Maduro regime. “This is the fifth time I've asked for it,” he continued. I described the thinking we were doing, in a meeting now slimmed down to just Kelly and me, but Trump insisted he wanted military options for Venezuela and then keep it because “it's really part of the United States.”|publisher=Simon and Schuster}}</ref></blockquote> | ||
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=== Sanctions === | === Sanctions === | ||
The United States and [[Canada]] have placed [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] on Venezuela. Donald Trump encouraged the [[European Union|EU]] to sanction Venezuela as well.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Eugene Puryear]]|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Is Venezuela Turning Further Left?|date=2017-10-11|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/is-venezuela-turning-left/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122044427/https://www.liberationschool.org/is-venezuela-turning-left/|archive-date=2022-01-22|retrieved=2022-11-27}}</ref> | The United States and [[Canada]] have placed [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] on Venezuela. Donald Trump encouraged the [[European Union|EU]] to sanction Venezuela as well.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Eugene Puryear]]|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=Is Venezuela Turning Further Left?|date=2017-10-11|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/is-venezuela-turning-left/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122044427/https://www.liberationschool.org/is-venezuela-turning-left/|archive-date=2022-01-22|retrieved=2022-11-27}}</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Anti-imperialist states]] | [[Category:Anti-imperialist states]] | ||
[[Category:Countries sanctioned by the US]] | [[Category:Countries sanctioned by the US]] | ||
[[Category:Targets of regime change operations]] | [[Category:Targets of regime change operations]] | ||
[[Category:Global south]] | |||
[[Category:Countries]] |