Editing Maoism


{{Distinguish|[[Mao Zedong Thought]]}}
[[File:Maoist demonstration in the United States.jpg|thumb|Marxist-Leninist-Maoists propagating the "[[Five Heads of Communism|Six Heads of Communism]]" in the United States.]]
'''Maoism''', also known as '''Marxism–Leninism–Maoism''' ('''MLM'''), is a [[Dogmatism|dogmatic]] current of communist thought. Being first synthesized as separate from [[Mao Zedong Thought]] (MZT) by [[Abimael Guzmán]] of the [[Shining Path]] party, the ideology has also been adopted by other groups such as the [[New People's Army]] (NPA) of the [[Philippines]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]. Maoism considers itself to be a step forward from Marxism–Leninism, differing from MZT.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9Q5_m07JUI Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 1-8 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYg9tA22O_Y&t Marxism-Leninism-Maoism Basic Course by Foreign Languages Press Chapters 9-16 (Audiobook)]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title-url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S01-MLM-Basic-Course-Revised-Edition-10th-Printing.pdf | title=Marxism–Leninism–Maoism basic course (PDF) (5th ed.)}}</ref> Maoism believes in the ideas of the [[Cultural Revolution]], [[Protracted People's War]] (PPW), [[New Democracy]], and [[Mass Line]], all of which take inspiration from MZT. People's War is a the form of guerrilla warfare which was developed specifically for the material conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] in the previous century, although it is usually adopted as a universal dogma by Maoists, even in [[Imperial core|developed countries]]. 

{{Maoism sidebar}}

==Development==

===Origin of the term===

Maoism was first coined by bourgeois historians and politicians to describe the conditions of [[People's Republic of China|China]] under [[Mao Zedong]].

Mao never preferred the term, not allowing his name along with Marx, Lenin or Stalin and even stated that "there is no Maoism",<ref>[https://armedwithapen.com/mao-on-maoism/ Mao on Maoism: The Dialectical Case for Mao Zedong Thought]</ref> which is true, as the specific set of policies taken by Mao were merely Sinicized Marxism–Leninism.  

The term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represents the Maoist view of their ideology being a development and "higher stage" of Marxism–Leninism.

===Synthesis of Maoism===
Chairman Gonzalo is the first person to synthesise the term "Maoism" although the application of Maoism appears significantly earlier starting with the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in 1968.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/communist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army Stanford CISAC - Communist Party of the Philippines]</ref>

Gonzalo states that Maoism is the third stage of Marxism, and that it had to be synthesised due to the following three reasons: Mao's contribution to the idea of "Bureaucrat Capitalism", Mao's establishment of the "Socialist Political Economy", and Mao's military theory.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071108165711/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_en/interv.htm Interview with Chairman Gonzalo]</ref>

===Using the ideology "Maoism"===
The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] has adopted the term after the foundation of Gonzalo Thought, along with the Communist Party of India (Maoist) once it was formed. Other notable Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movements can be seen in [[Russian Maoist Party|Russia]] and [[Maoist Communist Party of China|China]].

==Characteristics ==

===Mao Zedong Thought===
{{Main article|Mao Zedong Thought}}
Maoism follows the aspects of Mao Zedong Thought, which include the few new developments made by Mao such as New Democracy, the Mass Line, and Mao's [[Three Worlds Theory]].

===Anti-revisionism===
{{Main article|Anti-revisionism}}

Gonzalo emphasises the strength to be against revisionism, stating that<blockquote>"Revisionism obviously is a cancer, a cancer that has to be ruthlessly eliminated."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Thus Maoism, like [[Hoxhaism]], puts a further emphasis on anti-revisionism, stating it to be "substituting [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] philosophy into Marxism,"<ref name=":0" /> but in practice, as with Hoxhaism, it only ends being a dogmatic and revisionist position which doesn't let one surpass the infantilism that this generates and provokes division in the communist movement. 

===Universality of Protracted People's War===
{{Main article|Protracted people's war}}

Gonzalo puts an emphasis that a Protracted People's War is universal, stating that it is adaptable to the countryside and the city,<blockquote>People's war is universally applicable, in accordance with the character of the revolution and adapted to the specific conditions of each country.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Emphasis of a joint dictatorship===
Gonzalo stated, due to the material conditions of Peru, that a joint dictatorship had to form between the [[proletariat]], [[peasantry]] and the progressives ([[Petty bourgeoisie|petit bourgeoisie]])<ref name=":0" />.

===Peasantry being a separate class===
Gonzalo states, although not directly, that a joint dictatorship had to be formed with an alliance of the proletariat, the peasantry and the progressives. This assumes that the peasantry are a separate class, with its different relations of production compared to the petit bourgeoisie.

===Emphasis on revolutionary violence===
Gonzalo also stated that violence must be done, that reform is impossible to achieve.<blockquote>With regard to violence we start from the principle established by Chairman Mao Tsetung: violence, '''that is the need for revolutionary violence, is a universal law with no exception.''' Revolutionary violence is what allows us to resolve fundamental contradictions by means of an army, through people's war.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==Criticism==

===Universality of PPW===
A lot of Marxist–Leninists do not think that a protracted people's war is universal, that it is only adaptable to the material conditions presented in particular [[Third World|Third World Nations]], and it couldn't be accomplished in the [[First World]] particularly due to a lack of peasantry and the logistics that the bourgeois state holds that are able to destroy the PPW in developed countries.

===Anti-AES===
Maoists often view present or past [[Socialist state|socialist states]] especially the post-[[Stalin]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] as losing their [[socialist]] aspects and instead, according to Maoists, becoming [[Revisionism|revisionist]] or [[Social-imperialism|social-imperialist]].

====Soviet Union====
Gonzalo views [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] as a great person, and not revisionist.{{Citation needed}} When [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] were the leaders of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], Gonzalo denounces them as "revisionist", as Gonzalo stated Khrushchev's utopian ideas such as "Communism could be reached by 1980."<ref name=":0" />

====China====
[[File:Chairman Gonzalo Poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of Chairman Gonzalo]]Gonzalo views [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] as a great person, and the person that he believes to have created a new stage for Marxism. During the [[Deng Xiaoping]] era of reforms, Gonzalo called him a revisionist and stated that he "restored capitalism".<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists think that the modern [[People's Republic of China]] is social imperialist, and a [[dictatorship of the bourgeoisie]].

====Vietnam====
Gonzalo views [[Ho Chi Minh]] as a "centrist", that aligns with the Marxists and Revisionists.<ref name=":0" /> He claims that he was a revisionist, because he didn't tackle revisionism, and after his death, the [[Doi Moi reforms]] occurred.

====DPRK====
Gonzalo never specifically states that the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]] is a revisionist nation,<ref name=":0" /> however, most Maoists despise the DPRK and its Eternal Leader [[Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-Sung]]. They regard ''[[Juche]]'' as an ultranationalist deviation from Marxism and argue that the [[planned economy]] of the DPRK is operated by a hidden class of bourgeoisie.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=massline.org|title=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)|url=https://massline.org/Dictionary/DE.htm#DPRK|retrieved=2023-12-4|quote=The country which in the West is usually called “North Korea”. The DPRK was established in the northern part of Korea by Communist anti-Japanese guerrilla forces at the end of World War II, and with the substantial support of the Soviet Union. At the same time U.S. imperialism—with the help of the defeated Japanese military forces—quickly established its control over the southern part of Korea, which set the stage for its horrendous imperialist Korean War (1950-1953) and the continued division of the Korean nation since that time.
        The highly deficient sort of top-down socialism which was originally established in the DPRK was—if anything—a more extreme form of the bureaucratic type of socialism which existed in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. Since—as in the USSR—the DPRK regime did not know or use the mass line in politics, industry or agriculture, this type of society tended to soon become more and more undemocratic and authoritarian. Over the years it has degenerated totally away from anything which can be remotely considered as genuine “socialism” (which, after all, must most essentially be based on the rule of the people themselves). The DPRK is now best characterized as an ultra-nationalistic form of state capitalism, directed by a tiny militarily-obsessed elite social class, and for the primary benefit of that very privileged governing class. Even more absurdly, this DPRK ruling class has turned its regime into one which is very close to a hereditary absolute monarchy, which was ruled first by Kim Il Sung, then by his son Kim Jong Il, and now by his son, Kim Jong Un.}}</ref> 

====Cuba====
Gonzalo never specifically states that [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] is a revisionist nation, however, he claims that [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] let the Soviet Union commit "social-imperialism" onto the nation.<ref name=":0" /> Most Maoists also despise Cuba, especially during the private reforms that have taken place.

===Fetishisation of revolutionary violence===
Marxist-Leninists typically use revolutionary violence as an alternate means of establishing socialism in contrast to [[Reformism|reformism]], as evidence exists that reformism typically cannot work. However most Marxist–Leninists despise the revolutionary aims that Maoism attempts to achieve, particularly because it is acting in a similar that [[Vladimir Lenin]] described as "[[Adventurism|Revolutionary Adventurism]]".<ref>{{Citation
| author = V.I. Lenin
| year = 1902
| title = Revolutionary Adventurism
| title-url = https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:Revolutionary_Adventurism
| quote = In their defence of terrorism, which the experience of the Russian revolutionary movement has so clearly proved to be ineffective, the Socialist-Revolutionaries are talking themselves blue in the face in asseverating that they recognise terrorism only in conjunction with work among the masses, and that therefore the arguments used by the Russian Social-Democrats to refute the efficacy of this method of struggle (and which have indeed been refuted for a long time to come) do not apply to them. Here something very similar to their attitude towards “criticism” is repeating itself. We are not opportunists, cry the Socialist-Revolutionaries, and at the same time they are shelving the dogma of proletarian socialism, for reason of sheer opportunist criticism and no other. We are not repeating the terrorists’ mistakes and are not diverting attention from work among the masses, the Socialist-Revolutionaries assure us, and at the same time enthusiastically recommend to the Party acts such as Balmashov’s assassination of Sipyagin, although everyone knows and sees perfectly well that this act was in no way connected with the masses and, moreover, could not have been by reason of the very way in which it was carried out—that the persons who committed this terrorist act neither counted on nor hoped for any definite action or support on the part of the masses.
}}</ref> A specific case of Maoist revolutionary violence would be the [[Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path]], which the party itself uses methods such as assassinations, bombings, and cult-like behaviour.<ref>{{Citation
| author = Andreo Matías
| year = 1988
| title = The CIA's Shining Path: Political Warfare
| title-url = https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:The_CIA%27s_Shining_Path:_Political_Warfare
| chapter = The inconsistency of Shining Path Thought
| chapter-url = https://en.prolewiki.org/wiki/Library:The_CIA%27s_Shining_Path:_Political_Warfare#The_inconsistency_of_Shining_Path_Thought
| quote = [T]errorism and sabotage are not part of this class violence in Marxism-Leninism. If they have occurred in the history of revolutionary movements, they have been secondary and usually aimed against foreign invaders. Systematic destruction of means of production is also not conceivable within Marxist thought.

The violence that the Shining Path claims to derive from Marxism-Leninism is primarily directed towards the Peruvian peasantry, a historically subjugated class. This class is experiencing rapid changes and is rich in new social contradictions. According to classifications by sociologists and anthropologists from the CIA and other foreign intelligence services, the peasantry is a social base that the Shining Path considers useful for their so-called revolutionary violence. They aim to destroy the social and economic relations of the peasant class, applying selective terrorism and assassinating local leaders and authorities.
}}</ref>

=== Use of the peasantry===
Gonzalo stated that the number of the proletariat is insufficient,<blockquote>The peasantry, especially the poor peasants, are the main participants, as fighters and commanders at different levels in the People's Guerrilla Army. The workers participate in the same ways, although the percentage of workers at this time is insufficient.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>This could mean that this is a peasant-led revolution and not a proletarian-led one.

==See also==

*[[Gonzalo Thought]]
*[[New Synthesis]]
*[[Hoxhaism]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Communist ideologies]]
[[Category:Revisionism]]