Editing Second World War

{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Second World War|date=1939-1945|result=Allied Victory|status=Allied Victory|combatants_header=Belligrents|combatant1=[[German Reich]]<br>[[Kingdom of Italy]] (until 1943)<br>[[Italian Social Republic]] (from 1943)<br>[[Empire of Japan]]<br>[[Slovak Republic]]<br>[[Kingdom of Hungary]] (until 1944)<br>[[Kingdom of Romania]] (until 1944)<br>[[Tsardom of Bulgaria]] (until 1944)<br>[[Republic of Finland]] (until 1944)<br>[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (1941)|combatant1a=Collaborationists:<br>[[Independent State of Croatia]] (from 1941)<br>Various German-Italian client states, protectorates or colonies<br>[[Chetniks]]<br>[[Slovene Home Guard]]<br>[[Russian Protective Corps]]<br>[[Organization X]]<br>[[Roman Legion]] (1941-1942)|combatant2=[[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]<br>[[Republic of China]] (de jure since 1941)<br>[[Communist Party of China]]<br>[[Second Polish Republic]] (1939)<br>[[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]]<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] and colonies<br>[[Third French Republic]] and colonies (until 1940)<br>[[Mongolian People's Republic]]<br>[[Tuvan People's Republic]] (until 1944)<br>[[Kingdom of Denmark]] (1940)<br>[[Kingdom of Norway]] (1940)<br>[[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] (1940)<br>[[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] (1940)<br>[[Kingdom of Belgium]] (1940)<br>[[Free France]] (1940-1944)<br>[[Ethiopian government-in-exile]] (from 1940)<br>[[Kingdom of Greece]] (1940-1941)<br>[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (1941; switched sides)<br>[[United States of America]] (from 1941)<br>[[Republic of Philippines]] (from 1941)<br>[[Federative Republic of Brazil]] (from 1941)<br>[[United States of Mexico]] (from 1941)<br>[[Kingdom of Italy]] (from 1943; switched sides)<br>[[Kingdom of Romania]] (from 1944; switched sides)<br>[[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] (from 1944; switched sides)<br>[[Republic of Finland]] (from 1944; switched sides)|combatant2a=Various resistance-held territories and militias:<br>[[Republic of Užice]] (1941)<br>[[Republic of Bihać]] (1942-1943)<br>[[Republic of Poland (1944)|Republic of Poland]] (from 1944)<br>[[Political Committee of National Liberation]] (1944)<br>[[Yugoslav Partisans]] (from 1941)<br>[[National Liberation Front (Greece)|EAM]] (from 1941)<br>[[National Republican Greek League|EDES]] (from 1941)<br>Various others}}[[File:Raising Soviet flag over the Reichstag.png|thumb|The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] raising the [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]] over the Reichstag on 2 May 1945, six days before [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Germany]] surrendered]]
'''World War II''', also known as the '''Second World War''' or the '''Great Patriotic War''', was a global armed conflict that lasted from 1 September 1939 to 2 September 1945. With an estimated total of 70–85 million people dead, it is considered the deadliest conflict in human history.

== Background ==

=== Rise of fascism ===
[[Adolf Hitler]] took power in Germany in 1933. [[Francisco Franco]] launched a coup against the [[Spanish Republic (1931–1939)|Second Spanish Republic]] in 1936, leading to a [[Spanish Civil War|civil war]].<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=John Ross|newspaper=[[Tricontinental]]|title=The United States Is Waging a New Cold War: A Socialist Perspective|date=2022-09-13|url=https://thetricontinental.org/the-united-states-is-waging-a-new-cold-war-a-socialist-perspective/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104225555/https://thetricontinental.org/the-united-states-is-waging-a-new-cold-war-a-socialist-perspective/|archive-date=2022-11-04|retrieved=2022-11-19}}</ref> [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] and Germany supported the Spanish [[Fascism|fascists]] while [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] and [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]] stayed neutral. Japan and Germany signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] in 1936, and Italy joined soon after.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup>

=== Fascist expansion ===
Following the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] invasion of [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] in 1935, the USSR proposed a collective security system for Europe and signed defense treaties with France and [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)|Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–7</sup> Fascist [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japan]] invaded northeast [[Republic of China|China]] in 1931 while the ruling [[Kuomintang]] focused on fighting the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] instead of the Japanese invaders.<ref name=":0" /> Italy occupied and colonized [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] in 1935. Germany annexed [[Federal State of Austria|Austria]] in March 1938 after announcing a supposed communist uprising. In May, Germany annexed part of [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)|Czechoslovakia]] with support from the West.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup>

=== Attempted anti-fascist alliance ===
In March 1939 after Germany annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, the USSR tried to organize an [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] alliance with France and the UK. From June to August, the British secretly met with the Nazis and agreed to allow Germany to invade Eastern Europe in exchange for guaranteeing the integrity of the British Empire. The USSR also proposed a defense agreement with [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]], but Poland refused, and the USSR signed a [[Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|non-aggression pact]] with Germany on 23 August 1939.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup>

== Class character ==
[[File:Second World War casualties graph.svg|thumb|Graph showing the percentage of casualties in WWII, showing how the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] was directly affected as a result of imperialist war against [[socialism]].]]
The character of the war is subject to some contention due to the factor of the [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] as a participant, unlike the [[World War I|First World War]] which was characterised as an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] war for the [[Colonialism|redivision of the world]] among the 'great powers' where [[capitalism]] had reached its [[Imperialism|monopoly stage]]. During the period from the invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the [[Communist International|Comintern]] designated the war as a second [[imperialist war]] and did not co-operate with their respective [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] [[Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|governments]] and then seemingly reversed their position, something which they are highly maligned for.{{Citation needed}}

[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist]] [[Rajani Palme Dutt]] clarified that the entry of the Soviet Union only augmented the 'anti-fascist, [[National liberation war|liberating]] character' of the war.<ref>{{Citation|author=Rajani Palme Dutt|year=2005|title=On the Character of the Second World War|chapter=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=On the 60th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv11n1/dutt.htm|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The fascist invasions culminated in more than 30 million casualties in Europe, and more than 61 million worldwide. The war consisted of a [[reactionary]] phase when the ruling classes appeased fascism and did not co-operate with the Soviet struggle for self-determination and then the phase of the united struggle of the peoples against fascism when the Great Alliance was formed in 1941.

== Asia-Pacific theatre ==
Japan began its colonial expansion before the outbreak of the war. It invaded Manchuria in 1931 and reached the Soviet border, provoking  fears of war.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=}}</ref><sup>:185–90</sup> In 1932, [[Kim Il-sung]] founded a guerrilla army to resist the occupation of [[Korea]].<ref name=":12" /> From May to August 1939, the USSR fought of a Japanese invasion of [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolia]].<ref name=":0223322">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|page=185–187|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|publisher=Editions EPO|isbn=9782872620814}}</ref>

Japan attacked [[United States of America|U.S.]] forces at Pearl Harbor in [[Hawaii]] in 1941 and then colonized [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaya]], and [[New Guinea]] while the USA was recovering.<ref name=":12" /> The USA fought an island-hopping campaign and gradually moved towards Japan. Up to 140,000 people, mostly civilians died in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] during the U.S. invasion.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Empire of Bases|page=247–8|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref> On 8 August 1945, exactly three months after Germany surrendered, the Soviet Union sent troops into [[Empire of (Great) Manchuria|Manchuria]] and Korea to oust the Japanese colonizers.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The Patriot|page=66–72|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>

The United States used [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bombs]] against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, killing 443,000 civilians.<ref name=":02233232">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=242–244}}</ref>

== European theatre ==
Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, beginning the European theatre of the war. The Soviet Union forced Germany not to cross the Thasse, Narew, Bug, or Vistula rivers. Following the invasion, France and Britain declared war on Germany but did not actually begin fighting yet.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup> The Nazis used 80% of their strength on the Eastern Front, where they lost over three million soldiers.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|author=Austin Murphy|year=2000|title=The Triumph of Evil|chapter=A Detailed Autopsy of the Collapse of the Superior System in the Divided Germany|page=113|pdf=https://mltheory.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/austin-murphy-the-triumph-of-evil.pdf|city=Fucecchio|publisher=European Press Academic Publishing|isbn=8883980026}}</ref>

=== Winter War ===
Though not yet directly involved in the war in late-1939, there were strong fascist and pro-Nazi elements in [[Republic of Finland|Finland]], and the Soviet government was concerned that at some point or another, Finland might align itself with Nazi Germany, leading Germany to launch an invasion of the Soviet Union from Finland (as the Finnish border was a mere 32 km away from the major port city of [[St. Petersburg|Leningrad]], and the capture of Leningrad could have had disastrous effects for the Soviet Union).

Due to these concerns, the Soviet government sent a message to the Finnish government on 14 October 1939, asking for Finland to cede the Port of Hanko, the Karelian Isthmus, and four islands to the USSR.  This would have effectively given the Soviets naval superiority in the [[Baltic Sea]] and made it much more difficult for the Germans to send troops to Finland by boat.  In exchange, the Soviets offered Finland a portion of [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)|Karelia]] twice the size of all the other areas combined.

Finland refused however, and on 30 November, the Soviets invaded Finland following the [[Shelling of Mainila]], a false flag operation conducted by the [[People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs|NKVD]]. Britain, France, Italy, and the United States sent a total of 700 planes, 1,500 cannons, and 6,000 machine guns to Finland.  France and Britain also sent 150,000 soldiers to Finland, but Finland [[Moscow Peace Treaty|sued for peace in March 1940]], before the Anglo-French troops could arrive.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup>

=== Western Front ===
The Nazis invaded Western Europe in May 1940 and began bombing the UK in July. France fell within six weeks. In September 1940, the USA gave 50 old destroyers to the UK in exchange for taking control of British bases in the [[Americas]]. The bases were located in eight British colonies: [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]], the [[Commonwealth of The Bahamas|Bahamas]], [[Bermuda]], [[Co-operative Republic of Guyana|Guiana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Newfoundland]], and [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]].<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Reopening the Frontier|page=|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref><sup>:223–4</sup> The U.S. bases prevented Germany from colonizing the Caribbean, [[Iceland]], or [[Greenland]] after it took over France, the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], and [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]].<ref name=":0222" /><sup>:235</sup>

The USA created the [[Lend-Lease]] program to give military aid to at least thirty countries, starting with the UK. [[Republic of China|China]], [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]], and the Soviet Union later joined the program.<ref name=":0222" /><sup>:237</sup>

=== Eastern Front ===
Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. General [[Dmitry Pavlov]]'s incompetence caused the loss of Minsk, the capital of [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)|Belarus]], on 28 June, and the Military Council ordered his execution.

The Battle of Smolensk began on 10 July 1941 and lasted two months, with Germany losing 250,000 soldiers. The Nazis began their final offensive towards [[Moscow]] on 30 September, and 450,000 of the city's inhabitants mobilized to build fortifications and anti-tank defences. Germany bombed Moscow, but their offensive was defeated in early November. The Nazis attempted a second offensive against Moscow on 15 November and occupied some of its southern suburbs but were defeated on 5 December, and the Red Army began a counteroffensive of 720,000 soldiers that pushed 800,000 Nazi soldiers back 100 to 300 km.

The Red Army failed to liberate [[Crimea]] in April 1942, and the Nazis counterattacked on 8 May. In May 1942, [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]], a former assistant to [[Georgy Zhukov|Zhukov]], became Chief of Staff. [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] became the commander of the Bryansk front in July. On 23 August 1942, 1,000 German planes began bombing Stalingrad and set the city on fire.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:224–31</sup>

The Red Army entered [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] on 23 August 1944, and Hungary's fascist leader [[Horthy]] expected the West to support him against the Soviets.<ref name=":02233232" />

== Middle Eastern theatre ==
In late 1939, French General [[Maxime Weygand]] went to [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]] and [[Republic of Turkey|Turkey]] to prepare an attack against the Soviet Union and planned to bomb the Baku oilfields.<ref name=":022332" /><sup>:185–90</sup> The United States used North Africa to transport cargo by air to Cairo. 65,000 U.S. troops and civilians in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] and nearby countries transported supplies to the Soviet Union.<ref name=":02222" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:World wars]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 == Asia-Pacific theatre ==
+Japan began its colonial expansion before the outbreak of the war. It invaded Manchuria in 1931 and reached the Soviet border, provoking  fears of war.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=}}</ref><sup>:185–90</sup> In 1932, [[Kim Il-sung]] founded a guerrilla army to resist the occupation of [[Korea]].<ref name=":12" /> From May to August 1939, the USSR fought of a Japanese invasion of [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolia]].<ref name=":0223322">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|page=185–187|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|publisher=Editions EPO|isbn=9782872620814}}</ref>
-=== Northeast Asia ===
+Japan attacked [[United States of America|U.S.]] forces at Pearl Harbor in [[Hawaii]] in 1941 and then colonized [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaya]], and [[New Guinea]] while the USA was recovering.<ref name=":12" /> The USA fought an island-hopping campaign and gradually moved towards Japan. Up to 140,000 people, mostly civilians died in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] during the U.S. invasion.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Empire of Bases|page=247–8|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref> On 8 August 1945, exactly three months after Germany surrendered, the Soviet Union sent troops into [[Empire of (Great) Manchuria|Manchuria]] and Korea to oust the Japanese colonizers.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The Patriot|page=66–72|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>
-Japan began its colonial expansion before the outbreak of the war. It invaded Manchuria in 1931 and reached the Soviet border, provoking fears of war.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=}}</ref><sup>:185–90</sup> In 1932, [[Kim Il-sung]] founded a guerrilla army to resist the occupation of [[Korea]].<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=Stephen Gowans|year=2018|title=Patriots, Traitors and Empires: The Story of Korea’s Struggle for Freedom|chapter=The Patriot|page=66–72|pdf=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaced4iiga4ngtxusr2civjxewbili5jne2sbpefbx2s3im2kphattzc?filename=Stephen%20Gowans%20-%20Patriots%2C%20Traitors%20and%20Empires_%20The%20Story%20of%20Korea%E2%80%99s%20Struggle%20for%20Freedom-Baraka%20Books%20%282018%29.pdf|city=Montreal|publisher=Baraka Books|isbn=9781771861427|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8435F6FF91279531705764823FDC2A7F}}</ref>
-The USSR signed a mutual defense agreement with [[Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)|Mongolia]] in 1934. Mongolia's military spending grew from 34.7% of the state budget in 1934 to 52.5% in 1938, and the term of military service increased from two to three years. In 1938, Japan attacked the Soviet Union at Lake Khasan and tried to capture Vladivostok.<ref name=":032">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n160/mode/1up|chapter=The Mongolian People in the Fight for Development on Non-Capitalist Lines|page=}}</ref><sup>:344–6</sup>
-Due to repeated Japanese border attacks, Mongolia requested Soviet troops to return in 1937. Japanese aggression increased in early 1939, and Japan launched a full invasion on 1939 May 11. The [[Mongolian People's Army|People's Army]] fought them at the Halkhin River on May 28 and surrounded them with support from the Soviet Red Army in August. Japan lost 60,000 soldiers (killed or wounded), 700 planes, 340 machine guns, and 12,000 rifles. A peace treaty signed in [[Moscow]] took effect on September 15.<ref name=":0322">{{Citation|author=A. A. Guber, et al.|year=1973|title=History of the Mongolian People's Republic|title-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheMPR/page/n160/mode/1up|chapter=The Mongolian People in the Fight for Development on Non-Capitalist Lines|page=}}</ref><sup>:349–50</sup>
-On 8 August 1945, exactly three months after Germany surrendered, the Soviet Union sent troops into [[Empire of (Great) Manchuria|Manchuria]] and Korea to oust the Japanese colonizers.<ref name=":12" />
-=== Pacific Ocean ===
-Japan attacked [[United States of America|U.S.]] forces at Pearl Harbor in [[Hawaii]] in 1941 and then colonized [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaya]], and [[New Guinea]] while the USA was recovering.<ref name=":12" /> The USA fought an island-hopping campaign and gradually moved towards Japan. Up to 140,000 people, mostly civilians died in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] during the U.S. invasion.<ref name=":02222">{{Citation|author=David Vine|year=2020|title=The United States of War|chapter=Empire of Bases|page=247–8|city=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520972070|lg=http://library.lol/main/191568BFAC73F009132DB00ECD0F0F05}}</ref>
 The United States used [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bombs]] against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, killing 443,000 civilians.<ref name=":02233232">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=From Stalin to Khrushchev|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=242–244}}</ref>