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[[File:SCOTUS.png|thumb|322x322px|Supreme Court building]] | [[File:SCOTUS.png|thumb|322x322px|Supreme Court building]] | ||
The '''Supreme Court of the United States''' is the judicial branch of the [[United States of America|United States]]. Its members are not elected and have no term limits, serving for life.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[Party for Socialism and Liberation]]|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=PSL statement: Supreme Court eviscerates abortion rights, the time to fight back is NOW!|date=2022-06-24|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-supreme-court-eviscerates-abortion-rights-the-time-to-fight-back-is-now/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628012242/https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-supreme-court-eviscerates-abortion-rights-the-time-to-fight-back-is-now/|archive-date=2022-06-28|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref> | The '''Supreme Court of the United States''' ('''SCOTUS''') is the judicial branch of the [[United States of America|United States]]. Its members are not elected and have no term limits, serving for life.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=[[Party for Socialism and Liberation]]|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=PSL statement: Supreme Court eviscerates abortion rights, the time to fight back is NOW!|date=2022-06-24|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-supreme-court-eviscerates-abortion-rights-the-time-to-fight-back-is-now/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628012242/https://www.liberationnews.org/psl-statement-supreme-court-eviscerates-abortion-rights-the-time-to-fight-back-is-now/|archive-date=2022-06-28|retrieved=2022-06-30}}</ref> | ||
== | == History == | ||
Samuel Chase became the only Supreme Court justice to be impeached in 1804 but was never removed from office. The number of justices on the Supreme Court has changed six times and has been set at nine since 1869.<ref>{{Web citation|author=[[Walter Smolarek]]|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=Civics class for radicals: The Supreme Court|date=2022-12-04|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/civics-class-for-radicals-the-supreme-court/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206203703/https://www.liberationnews.org/civics-class-for-radicals-the-supreme-court/|archive-date=2022-12-06|retrieved=2022-12-07}}</ref> | |||
In | In 1953, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] appointed [[Earl Warren]] to the court. Warren served until 1969 and expanded concessions to [[White people|white]] [[Proletariat|workers]], including the newly promoted [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] and [[Italian Republic|Italians]]. Warren's court expanded civil rights and women's rights.<ref name=":2">{{Web citation|author=Katsfoter|newspaper=Red Clarion|title=SCOTUS Vision: Debtors’ Prison|date=2024-07-02|url=https://clarion.unity-struggle-unity.org/2024-07-02-scotus-vision-debtors-prison/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702174542/https://clarion.unity-struggle-unity.org/2024-07-02-scotus-vision-debtors-prison/|archive-date=2024-07-02}}</ref> The current [[John Roberts|Roberts]] court is attempting to reverse these concessions.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
== Important decisions == | |||
In June 2022, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 to overturn ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', allowing U.S. states to ban abortion. 72% of the U.S. population opposed overturning ''Roe v. Wade''.<ref name=":0" /> The Supreme Court has also threatened to ban gay marriage<ref>{{News citation|author=Eric London|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=The Supreme Court’s ruling on abortion: The spearhead of a massive assault on democratic rights|date=2022-05-06|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/05/07/ukvl-m07.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625092406/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/05/07/ukvl-m07.html|archive-date=2022-06-25|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref> and contraception.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Against the Current]]|title=The Rightwing’s Supreme Court Coup|date=2022-06-24|url=https://againstthecurrent.org/atc219/the-rightwings-supreme-court-coup/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625104837/https://againstthecurrent.org/atc219/the-rightwings-supreme-court-coup/|archive-date=2022-06-25|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref> | === Pre-Civil War === | ||
In the 1823 case ''Johnson v. McIntosh'', Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] ruled that indigenous peoples had no ownership of their land and that only the [[Government of the United States of America|federal government]] could own and sell their lands.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2023-04-02|title=Vatican renounces ‘Doctrine of Discovery.’ When will Supreme Court do likewise?|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/vatican-renounces-doctrine-of-discovery-when-will-supreme-court-do-likewise/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403104732/https://www.liberationnews.org/vatican-renounces-doctrine-of-discovery-when-will-supreme-court-do-likewise/|archive-date=2023-04-03|retrieved=2023-04-06|author=Richard Becker}}</ref> | |||
In ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' in 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that Black people were "merchandise" and could not sue for their freedom from [[slavery]].<ref name=":1">{{News citation|author=Stefanie Fisher|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=The Supreme Court: Last line of defense for the ruling class|date=2022-05-02|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/ch-6-the-supreme-court-last-line-of-defense-for-the-ruling-class/|retrieved=2022-07-17}}</ref> | |||
=== Civil War to civil rights movement === | |||
In 1903, in ''Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock'', the Supreme Court ruled that [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] could manage native land and resources even if they were reserved to native nations by treaties.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|year=2014|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|chapter=Ghost Dance Prophecy|pdf=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/10601/An%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Ortiz.pdf|city=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807000403|page=189}}</ref> | |||
In 1905, the Supreme Court ruled that [[State of New York|New York]] could not prevent bakers from working a 10-hour day in ''Lochner v. New York''.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Chad Pearson|newspaper=[[MR Online]]|title=Sober Up Liberals: The U.S. Constitution Sucks|date=2023-07-12|url=https://mronline.org/2023/07/12/sober-up-liberals-the-u-s-constitution-sucks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712132453/https://mronline.org/2023/07/12/sober-up-liberals-the-u-s-constitution-sucks/|archive-date=2023-07-12}}</ref> | |||
In 1927, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled 8 to 1 in favor of forced sterilization in ''Buck v. Bell''. By the 1970s, southern states had sterilized about 70,000 people, mostly Black women, and 30% of the [[Commonwealth of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] population was sterilized. Forced sterilization continues in [[Prison|prisons]] in [[State of California|California]] to this day.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sue Davis|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Planned Parenthood’s Margaret Sanger problem|date=2020-08-19|url=https://www.workers.org/2020/08/50683/|retrieved=2023-08-12}}</ref> | |||
In the 1944 case ''Korematsu v. United States'', the Supreme Court ruled that President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]'s internment of over 100,000 [[Empire of Japan (1868–1947)|Japanese]] immigrants was constitutional.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
=== Post-civil rights movement === | |||
In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled against the [[Haudenosaunee Confederacy|Oneida]] nation and rejected their claim to land that [[George Washington]] guaranteed them in 1794 with the Treaty of Canandaigua.<ref>{{Web citation|date=2023-04-02|title=Vatican renounces ‘Doctrine of Discovery.’ When will Supreme Court do likewise?|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/vatican-renounces-doctrine-of-discovery-when-will-supreme-court-do-likewise/|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403104732/https://www.liberationnews.org/vatican-renounces-doctrine-of-discovery-when-will-supreme-court-do-likewise/|archive-date=2023-04-03|retrieved=2023-04-06|author=Richard Becker}}</ref> | |||
In March 2022, after the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] tortured Abu Zabaydah at black site in [[Republic of Poland|Poland]] and waterboarded over 80 times, he sent a petition to the Supreme Court asking for the testimony of two psychologists who were at the site. The Supreme Court blocked the testimony, claiming it would reveal "state secrets," and sent Zabaydah to [[Guantánamo Bay concentration camp]], where he remains today.<ref>{{News citation|author=Marjorie Cohn|newspaper=[[Monthly Review]]|title=Supreme Court says torture at CIA Black Site is a “State Secret”|date=2022-03-14|url=https://mronline.org/2022/03/14/supreme-court-says-torture-at-cia-black-site-is-a-state-secret/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315064355/https://mronline.org/2022/03/14/supreme-court-says-torture-at-cia-black-site-is-a-state-secret/|archive-date=2022-03-15|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref> | |||
In June 2022, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 to overturn ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', allowing U.S. states to ban abortion. 72% of the U.S. population opposed overturning ''Roe v. Wade''.<ref name=":0" /> The Supreme Court has also threatened to ban [[LGBT+|gay]] marriage<ref>{{News citation|author=Eric London|newspaper=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=The Supreme Court’s ruling on abortion: The spearhead of a massive assault on democratic rights|date=2022-05-06|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/05/07/ukvl-m07.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625092406/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/05/07/ukvl-m07.html|archive-date=2022-06-25|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref> and contraception.<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[Against the Current]]|title=The Rightwing’s Supreme Court Coup|date=2022-06-24|url=https://againstthecurrent.org/atc219/the-rightwings-supreme-court-coup/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625104837/https://againstthecurrent.org/atc219/the-rightwings-supreme-court-coup/|archive-date=2022-06-25|retrieved=2022-06-29}}</ref> | |||
In 2024, the court overturned ''Robinson v. California'', which had prevented laws from punishment status instead of actions.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:United States of America]] | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Government of the United States of America]] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:20, 6 July 2024
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the judicial branch of the United States. Its members are not elected and have no term limits, serving for life.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
Samuel Chase became the only Supreme Court justice to be impeached in 1804 but was never removed from office. The number of justices on the Supreme Court has changed six times and has been set at nine since 1869.[2]
In 1953, President Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren to the court. Warren served until 1969 and expanded concessions to white workers, including the newly promoted Irish and Italians. Warren's court expanded civil rights and women's rights.[3] The current Roberts court is attempting to reverse these concessions.[3]
Important decisions[edit | edit source]
Pre-Civil War[edit | edit source]
In the 1823 case Johnson v. McIntosh, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that indigenous peoples had no ownership of their land and that only the federal government could own and sell their lands.[4]
In Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that Black people were "merchandise" and could not sue for their freedom from slavery.[5]
Civil War to civil rights movement[edit | edit source]
In 1903, in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress and the Bureau of Indian Affairs could manage native land and resources even if they were reserved to native nations by treaties.[6]
In 1905, the Supreme Court ruled that New York could not prevent bakers from working a 10-hour day in Lochner v. New York.[7]
In 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 in favor of forced sterilization in Buck v. Bell. By the 1970s, southern states had sterilized about 70,000 people, mostly Black women, and 30% of the Puerto Rican population was sterilized. Forced sterilization continues in prisons in California to this day.[8]
In the 1944 case Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that President Franklin Roosevelt's internment of over 100,000 Japanese immigrants was constitutional.[5]
Post-civil rights movement[edit | edit source]
In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled against the Oneida nation and rejected their claim to land that George Washington guaranteed them in 1794 with the Treaty of Canandaigua.[9]
In March 2022, after the CIA tortured Abu Zabaydah at black site in Poland and waterboarded over 80 times, he sent a petition to the Supreme Court asking for the testimony of two psychologists who were at the site. The Supreme Court blocked the testimony, claiming it would reveal "state secrets," and sent Zabaydah to Guantánamo Bay concentration camp, where he remains today.[10]
In June 2022, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 to overturn Roe v. Wade, allowing U.S. states to ban abortion. 72% of the U.S. population opposed overturning Roe v. Wade.[1] The Supreme Court has also threatened to ban gay marriage[11] and contraception.[12]
In 2024, the court overturned Robinson v. California, which had prevented laws from punishment status instead of actions.[3]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Party for Socialism and Liberation (2022-06-24). "PSL statement: Supreme Court eviscerates abortion rights, the time to fight back is NOW!" Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ↑ Walter Smolarek (2022-12-04). "Civics class for radicals: The Supreme Court" Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Katsfoter (2024-07-02). "SCOTUS Vision: Debtors’ Prison" Red Clarion. Archived from the original on 2024-07-02.
- ↑ Richard Becker (2023-04-02). "Vatican renounces ‘Doctrine of Discovery.’ When will Supreme Court do likewise?" Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stefanie Fisher (2022-05-02). "The Supreme Court: Last line of defense for the ruling class" Liberation School. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States: 'Ghost Dance Prophecy' (p. 189). [PDF] Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807000403
- ↑ Chad Pearson (2023-07-12). "Sober Up Liberals: The U.S. Constitution Sucks" MR Online. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12.
- ↑ Sue Davis (2020-08-19). "Planned Parenthood’s Margaret Sanger problem" Workers World. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
- ↑ Richard Becker (2023-04-02). "Vatican renounces ‘Doctrine of Discovery.’ When will Supreme Court do likewise?" Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ↑ Marjorie Cohn (2022-03-14). "Supreme Court says torture at CIA Black Site is a “State Secret”" Monthly Review. Archived from the original on 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
- ↑ Eric London (2022-05-06). "The Supreme Court’s ruling on abortion: The spearhead of a massive assault on democratic rights" World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
- ↑ "The Rightwing’s Supreme Court Coup" (2022-06-24). Against the Current. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-06-29.