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{{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}} | {{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}} | ||
'''Operation Mockingbird''' is a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation that began in the early years of the [[Cold War]] and attempted to manipulate news media for propaganda purposes.<ref>[https://21stcenturywire.com/2017/03/01/mockingbird-mirror-declassified-docs-depict-deeper-link-between-the-cia-and-american-media/ MOCKINGBIRD MIRROR: Declassified Docs Depict Deeper Link Between the CIA and American Media] | '''Operation Mockingbird''' is a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation that began in the early years of the [[Cold War]] and attempted to manipulate news media for propaganda purposes.<ref>[https://21stcenturywire.com/2017/03/01/mockingbird-mirror-declassified-docs-depict-deeper-link-between-the-cia-and-american-media/ MOCKINGBIRD MIRROR: Declassified Docs Depict Deeper Link Between the CIA and American Media]</ref><ref>[https://www.globalresearch.ca/editor-of-major-german-newspaper-says-he-planted-stories-for-the-cia/5429324 Editor of Major German Newspaper Says He Planted Stories for the CIA] by [[Ralph Lopez]] for the [[Centre for Research on Globalization]] on Feb 4, 2015</ref><ref name="Bernstein 2007" /> | ||
According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when a 1967 ''[[Ramparts (magazine)|Ramparts]]'' magazine article reported that the [[National Student Association]] received funding from the CIA. In 1975, [[Church Committee]] Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. | According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when a 1967 ''[[Ramparts (magazine)|Ramparts]]'' magazine article reported that the [[National Student Association]] received funding from the CIA. In 1975, [[Church Committee]] Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. | ||
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In 1973 a document referred to as the "Family Jewels"<ref>{{Web citation|title=The Family Jewels {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/family-jewels|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> was published by the CIA containing a reference to "[[Project Mockingbird]]", which was the name of an operation in 1963 wiretapping two journalists believed to be disseminating classified information.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001451843.pdf Freedom of information act - "Family Jewels" document from CIA.gov]</ref> | In 1973 a document referred to as the "Family Jewels"<ref>{{Web citation|title=The Family Jewels {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/family-jewels|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> was published by the CIA containing a reference to "[[Project Mockingbird]]", which was the name of an operation in 1963 wiretapping two journalists believed to be disseminating classified information.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001451843.pdf Freedom of information act - "Family Jewels" document from CIA.gov]</ref> | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States Government]] to use [[mass media]] to influence public opinion internationally. After the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]] in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the [[Executive branch of the United States government]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1974 published an article by [[Seymour Hersh]] claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the [[Church Committee]].<ref name="U.S. Senate Historical Office">{{citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/church-committee-full-citations.pdf|title=Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Notable Senate Investigations|author=U.S. Senate Historical Office|location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> Published in 1976, the Committee's report confirmed some earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press.<ref name="Hadley">{{Citation|author=David P. Hadley|year=2019|chapter=Introduction|title=The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS2RDwAAQBAJ&q=mockingbird|location=Lexington, Kentucky|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=3–4, 10|isbn=9780813177380|access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref> Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.<ref name="Hadley" /> In a 1977 ''Rolling Stone'' magazine article, "The CIA and the Media,"<ref name="Bernstein 2007">{{Web citation|author=Carl Bernstein|title=The CIA and the Media|date= | In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States Government]] to use [[mass media]] to influence public opinion internationally. After the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]] in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the [[Executive branch of the United States government]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1974 published an article by [[Seymour Hersh]] claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the [[Church Committee]].<ref name="U.S. Senate Historical Office">{{citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/church-committee-full-citations.pdf|title=Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Notable Senate Investigations|author=U.S. Senate Historical Office|location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> Published in 1976, the Committee's report confirmed some earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press.<ref name="Hadley">{{Citation|author=David P. Hadley|year=2019|chapter=Introduction|title=The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS2RDwAAQBAJ&q=mockingbird|location=Lexington, Kentucky|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=3–4, 10|isbn=9780813177380|access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref> Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.<ref name="Hadley" /> In a 1977 ''Rolling Stone'' magazine article, "The CIA and the Media,"<ref name="Bernstein 2007">{{Web citation|author=Carl Bernstein|newspaper=Rolling Stone|title=The CIA and the Media|date=1977-10-20|url=https://www.carlbernstein.com/the-cia-and-the-media-rolling-stone-10-20-1977|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217020121/https://www.carlbernstein.com/the-cia-and-the-media-rolling-stone-10-20-1977|archive-date=December 17, 2024|access-date=}}</ref> reporter Carl Bernstein expanded upon the Church Committee's report and said that around 400 press members were considered intelligence assets by the CIA, including ''[[New York Times]]'' publisher [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]], columnist and political analyst [[Stewart Alsop]] and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref name="Hadley" /> Berstein documented the way in which overseas branches of major US news agencies had for many years served as the "eyes and ears" of Operation Mockingbird, which functioned to disseminate CIA propaganda through domestic US media.<ref name="obb2020">{{Citation|author=Oliver Boyd-Barrett; Tanner Mirrlees|title=Media imperialism : continuity and change|date=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781538121566 |page=78 |title-url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Media_Imperialism/qHefDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> | ||
In ''The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War'', David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> Davis wrote in ''Katharine the Great'', her 1979 unauthorized biography of [[Katharine Graham]], owner of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the [[Prague]]-based [[International Organization of Journalists]] (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause", and that [[Frank Wisner]], director of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the [[United States National Security Council]]) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting [[Phil Graham]] from ''The Washington Post'' to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[Newsweek]],'' [[CBS]] and other communications vehicles." Davis wrote that after [[Cord Meyer]] joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative. Neither the Church Committee or any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> | In ''The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War'', David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> Davis wrote in ''Katharine the Great'', her 1979 unauthorized biography of [[Katharine Graham]], owner of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the [[Prague]]-based [[International Organization of Journalists]] (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause", and that [[Frank Wisner]], director of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the [[United States National Security Council]]) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting [[Phil Graham]] from ''The Washington Post'' to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[Newsweek]],'' [[CBS]] and other communications vehicles." Davis wrote that after [[Cord Meyer]] joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative. Neither the Church Committee or any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis.<ref name="Hadley" /> | ||
Latest revision as of 19:41, 19 December 2024
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Operation Mockingbird is a CIA operation that began in the early years of the Cold War and attempted to manipulate news media for propaganda purposes.[1][2][3]
According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when a 1967 Ramparts magazine article reported that the National Student Association received funding from the CIA. In 1975, Church Committee Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups.
In 1973 a document referred to as the "Family Jewels"[4] was published by the CIA containing a reference to "Project Mockingbird", which was the name of an operation in 1963 wiretapping two journalists believed to be disseminating classified information.[5]
Background[edit | edit source]
In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the United States Government to use mass media to influence public opinion internationally. After the United States Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the Executive branch of the United States government and The New York Times in 1974 published an article by Seymour Hersh claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the Church Committee.[6] Published in 1976, the Committee's report confirmed some earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press.[7] Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.[7] In a 1977 Rolling Stone magazine article, "The CIA and the Media,"[3] reporter Carl Bernstein expanded upon the Church Committee's report and said that around 400 press members were considered intelligence assets by the CIA, including New York Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger, columnist and political analyst Stewart Alsop and Time magazine.[7] Berstein documented the way in which overseas branches of major US news agencies had for many years served as the "eyes and ears" of Operation Mockingbird, which functioned to disseminate CIA propaganda through domestic US media.[8]
In The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War, David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis.[7] Davis wrote in Katharine the Great, her 1979 unauthorized biography of Katharine Graham, owner of The Washington Post, that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the Prague-based International Organization of Journalists (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause", and that Frank Wisner, director of the Office of Policy Coordination (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the United States National Security Council) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting Phil Graham from The Washington Post to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of The New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles." Davis wrote that after Cord Meyer joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative. Neither the Church Committee or any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis.[7]
See also[edit | edit source]
Historical studies of the CIA[edit | edit source]
- Hugh Wilford (2008). The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02681-0
- Frances Stonor Saunders (1999). Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-86207-029-5
- Evan Thomas (1995). The very best men, four men dared: the early years of the CIA. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81025-6
- John Ranelagh (1987). The agency: the rise and decline of the CIA. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-63994-5
- Tim Weiner (2007). Legacy of ashes: the history of the CIA. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51445-3
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ MOCKINGBIRD MIRROR: Declassified Docs Depict Deeper Link Between the CIA and American Media
- ↑ Editor of Major German Newspaper Says He Planted Stories for the CIA by Ralph Lopez for the Centre for Research on Globalization on Feb 4, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Carl Bernstein (1977-10-20). "The CIA and the Media" Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 17, 2024.
- ↑ "The Family Jewels | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov.
- ↑ Freedom of information act - "Family Jewels" document from CIA.gov
- ↑ U.S. Senate Historical Office. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Notable Senate Investigations.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 David P. Hadley (2019). The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War: 'Introduction' (pp. 3–4, 10). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813177380
- ↑ Oliver Boyd-Barrett; Tanner Mirrlees (2019). Media imperialism : continuity and change (p. 78). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538121566
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Katharine The Great: Katharine Graham and The Washington Post (1979). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0151467846