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'''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. <ref>{{Citation|author=Vincent Bevins|year=2020|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|page=266–67|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref> | '''Operation Condor''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] terrorist campaign in [[South America]] from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. <ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Vincent Bevins|year=2020|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|page=266–67|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781541742406}}</ref> | ||
== Countries == | == Countries == | ||
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=== Peru === | === Peru === | ||
On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule. | On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
=== Argentina === | === Argentina === | ||
Revision as of 20:33, 18 April 2024
Operation Condor was a CIA terrorist campaign in South America from 1975 to 1989. It involved CIA support for the overthrow of democratically elected left-wing leaders and the facilitation of a network of political, military, and covert support between the newly created capitalist regimes. It resulted in the deaths of 60,000–80,000 suspected leftists. And the disappearance, imprisonment and torture of tens of thousands more. [1]
Countries
The governments of seven countries in South America were deposed by coups between 1954 and 1976, most orchestrated and supported by the CIA in order to remove left-wing-though not necessarily Marxist or Socialist-leaders from power. These states include:
Paraguay
Between May 4 and 7 1954 Alfredo Stroessner, a Paraguayan general, orchestrated a coup against then president Frederico Chavez, establishing a Military Junta that went on to commit numerous human rights violations including imprisonment, torture, murder and forced disappearance of members of opposition political parties and in particular the Communist party, suspected disloyal elements of the ruling Colorado party, and organized peasants and workers. This coup was unique among these coups due to the fact that both Stroessner and Chavez were members of the same party-the right-wing Colorado party-and that CIA support for the coup has not been uncovered.[2]
Brazil
From March 31-April 1, 1964 João Goulart of the Social Democratic Brazilian Labour party and his government was ousted by the Brazilian military, who established a military dictatorship. This coup was directly supported by the CIA. The military government went on to suppress all left-wing political organizing, with hundreds murdered and between 30,000 and 50,000 arrested and tortured. Modern right-wing figures like Jair Bolsonaro have expressed support for the coup and supported or denied the human rights violations that followed.[3][4]
Bolivia
In 1971 Socialist President of Bolivia Juan Jose Torres was overthrown in a military coup led by Hugo Banzer Suarez, a Nazi sympathizer and military leader who quickly established a repressive dictatorship that was responsible for the assassination of political leaders, including Juan Jose Torres in 1976, through death squads and massacring protesters including more than 120 Indigenous protesters in January 1974.[5]
Uruguay
On June 27, 1973 Uruguayan president Juan Maria Bordaberry dissolved the General Assembly of Uruguay, established a military dictatorship, and banned Trade Unions and left-wing political organizations. Political repression, which had already existed under the Bordaberry government, increased, with most Trade Unionists and Socialist organizers being killed, arrested, or forced into exile.[6]
Chile
On September 11, 1973 the democratically elected Marxist Salvador Allende was overthrown in a CIA supported coup, during which Chilean general Augusto Pinochet attacked the presidential palace and rather than be captured or killed by Pinochet's forces Salvador Allende killed himself. Pinochet created one of the most notorious anti-Communist governments in history, with more than 3216 Communist, Socialist, Trade Unionist, Anarchist, and anti-Junta organizers being killed or disappeared and tens of thousands imprisoned, tortured, or forced into exile abroad. The Pinochet regime even targeted these exiles abroad, even assassinating one, Orlando Letelier, in the Capitol of the United States.[7]
Peru
On August 29, 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado, a military leader with some left-policies, was overthrown in a military coup by Francisco Morales Bermudez. Bermudez and his military junta purged the military and government of supporters of Alvarado and suppressed Communism and other left-wing movements throughout the military rule.[1]
Argentina
On March 24, 1976 Argentinian president Isabel Peron was overthrown in a coup directly supported by the United States. Jorge Videla took control of the presidency and enacted the most repressive regime in Latin America of that era, with as many as 30,000 political dissidents being murdered. In 1974 the Videla government began the Dirty War, a state terrorism campaign against political dissidents and Communists in particular, for which Videla and other members of the junta were prosecuted for crimes against humanity.[8][9]
Operation Condor
Similar Anti-Communist Campaigns
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vincent Bevins (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World (pp. 266–67). PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781541742406
- ↑ Amnesty International Briefing Paraguay (1978). [PDF]
- ↑ Dilma Roussef (2019-3-27). "Anger after Bolsonaro calls for Brazil army to mark 1964 coup" Al Jazeera.
- ↑ ALDO MARCHESI (2023-11-29). "Kissinger and the South American Revolutions" Jacobin.
- ↑ GRAHAM HOLTON (2019-11-21). "Bolivia coup: Personal memories of an earlier military massacre" People's World.
- ↑ Azul Cordo, Mauro Tomasini (2023-6-27). "Remembering the Uruguayan Coup" Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung: To start page.
- ↑ "Chile: 50 years since the coup d’état, exercising historical memory is vital for the country’s future" (2023-9-8). Amnesty International.
- ↑ "New Details Revealed About U.S. Support for 1976 Coup in Argentina & Dictatorship" (2021-3-25). Democracy Now.
- ↑ "Argentinians on the streets at 47 years since the US-backed coup" (2023-3-27). Peoples Dispatch.