The term "Stalinism" is often in various contexts an erroneous and pejorative term used by left anti-communists and rightists. The term within some usage can refer to a time-period or style i.e. "Stalinist architecture", music, or era. It can also refer to Stalin's specific policies and actions in leadership, whereas, Marxism-Leninism primarily refers primarily to his theoretical contributions, and has been interpreted and utilized as a predominant ideology by many different countries varying based upon the material conditions of these countries.