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{{Infobox person|name=Syngman Rhee|native_name=이승만|image=Syngman Rhee.jpg|birth_date=1875 March 26|birth_place=Daegyong, Hwanghae, Joseon dynasty|death_date=1965 July 19|death_place=Honolulu, Hawaii, United States|death_cause=Stroke|nationality=Korean}} | {{Infobox person|name=Syngman Rhee|native_name=이승만|image=Syngman Rhee.jpg|birth_date=1875 March 26|birth_place=Daegyong, Hwanghae, Joseon dynasty|death_date=1965 July 19|death_place=Honolulu, Hawaii, United States|death_cause=Stroke|nationality=Korean}} | ||
'''Syngman Rhee''' was the first president of [[South Korea]], ruling from 1948 to 1960. | '''Syngman Rhee''' was the first president of [[South Korea]], ruling from 1948 to 1960. Rhee ruled for the entire existence of the first republic of South Korea. The first republic was characterized by Rhee's authoritarianism and corruption, limited economic development, strong anti-communism, the mass killing of civilians, disappearances and torture of his opponents, and by the late 1950s, by growing political instability and public opposition to Rhee, ending with him fleeing to [[Hawaii]], where he lived out the rest of his life. A 2020 letter signed by 252 South Korean NGOs says of Rhee:<blockquote>Syngman Rhee who was the first president of the Republic of Korea, is responsible for the killing of 30,000 Jeju islanders between 1947 and 1954 (during the [[Jeju Uprising|Jeju April 3rd Massacre]]). Secondly, he is responsible for the massacres of one million civilians during the Korean War (1950~1953), and finally, he illegally amended the Constitution in 1954, aiming for long-term seizure of power and initiated fraudulent election in 1960. As a result of his actions, series of national protests were held around April 19, 1960, calling for Mr. Rhee’s resignation and therefore, Syngman Rhee was forced to resign on April 26, 1960. [...] President Rhee Syngman is a Korean politician who acted against democracy and freedom and who was not held responsible for the mass killing of civilians, fraudulent elections, illegal amendment of the Constitution and several cases of enforced disappearance and torture leading to the death of his opponents. As a result, President Rhee was expelled by the people’s power, people who sacrificed their lives for democracy and freedom on April 26, 1960.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|author=The Association for Bereaved Families of the Jeju 4.3 Victims, Bereaved Family Association of Korean War and 252 South Korean NGOs|newspaper=Jeju Dark Tours|title=Letter from 252 South Korean NGOs against Syngman Rhee Day|date=2020-01-20|url=https://www.jejudarktours.org/en/news/letter-251-south-korean-ngos-against-syngman-rhee-day/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818105837/https://www.jejudarktours.org/en/news/letter-251-south-korean-ngos-against-syngman-rhee-day/|archive-date=2022-08-19}}</ref></blockquote>A 1948 CIA report wrote regarding Rhee that "there is every prospect that Rhee's accession to power will be followed by intra-party cleavages and by the ruthless suppression of all non-Rhee Rightist, Moderate, and Leftist opposition," characterizing Rhee as an "imported expatriate politician" and "extreme rightist" and demagogue "bent on autocratic rule", who would be an "unpopular" figure who would play into communist propaganda due to his extreme rightist orientation, and stating that the U.S. throwing their full support behind him could potentially be "a source of future embarrassment to US policy in the Far East."<ref>[https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/220065.pdf?v=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e "March 18, 1948 Central Intelligence Agency, ORE 15/48, 'The Current Situation in Korea'"]. ''Wilson Center Digital Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220729051304/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/220065.pdf?v=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e Archived] from the original. Retrieved 2022-07-29.</ref> | ||
According to journalist and military historian Max Hastings, it appears there was a struggle between the U.S. State Department and the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] (later [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]) over granting Rhee a passport to Korea, and "all the evidence now suggests" that Rhee was the OSS "nominee for the leadership of a Korean civilian government" and traces a series of meetings between former deputy director of the OSS with Rhee, a person who it seems it is "almost certain" that he "assisted and raised money for Rhee in return for the promise of commercial concessions in Korea" after Rhee would come to power. Rhee flew to Seoul in one of [[Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur's]] aircraft, and despite the "vigorous denials" of the U.S. Army, Hastings says that "it seems likely that he met secretly with both the Supreme Commander and [General] Hodge during his stopover in Tokyo.<ref name=":1">Max Hastings (1988). [https://archive.org/details/koreanwar00hast_0/page/32/mode/2up ''The Korean War'': 'Origins of a Tragedy'] (pp. 32, 33-34).</ref> | |||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Syngman Rhee was born in 1875 in the village of Daegyong in what is now the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]].<ref>{{Citation|author=|year=2021|title=Syngman Rhee|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Syngman-Rhee|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> | Syngman Rhee was born in 1875 in the village of Daegyong in what is now the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPRK]].<ref>{{Citation|author=|year=2021|title=Syngman Rhee|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Syngman-Rhee|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> Rhee lived in the United States for over thirty five years, eventually earning an M.A. at Harvard and a Ph.D. at Princeton.<ref name=":1" /> His graduation from from Harvard was in 1908.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=|title=이승만[李承晩,1875.3.26(음력)~1965.7.19]|url=https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000746262|newspaper=Doopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|retrieved=2022-01-12|quote=}}</ref> | ||
== First Republic == | == First Republic == | ||
Rhee returned to Korea in 1945 and became the first president of South Korea in 1948. In 1949, he crushed an uprising on Jeju Island, killing an estimated 14,000–100,000 people.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=|date=2000-06-18|title=Ghosts of Cheju|url=|newspaper=Newsweek|archive-url=https://www.newsweek.com/ghosts-cheju-160665|archive-date=|retrieved=2021-21-30}}</ref> While his forces retreated at the beginning of the [[Korean War]], they killed an additional 60,000 supposed communists.<ref>{{Citation|author=Kim Dong-Choon|year=2004|title=Forgotten war, forgotten massacres--the Korean War (1950-1953) as licensed mass killings|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=https://www.academia.edu/6417696|city=|publisher=Journal of Genocide Research|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> He was overthrown in 1960 after massive student protests<ref>{{Citation|author=|year=|title=Cause of the 4.19 Revolution|chapter=|section=|page=|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=https://archive.ph/20120707225356/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=726618|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> and fled to [[Hawaii]] with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s help.<ref>{{Citation|author=Cyrus Farivar|year=2011|title=The Internet of Elsewhere: The Emergent Effects of a Wired World|chapter=|section=|page=26|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> | |||
=== Jeju uprising and massacre === | |||
''See: [[Jeju Uprising]]'' | |||
From 1947 to 1954, around 30,000 people (10% of Jeju Island’s population at the time) were massacred. The massacre was a result of severe crack-down against Jeju islanders who protested against the division of the country and police oppression by Syngman Rhee’s administration and the US military who held an operational control over the South Korean military and police. In 2000, the “Special Act on Discovering the Truth of the Jeju 4·3 Incident and the Restoration of Honor of Victims” was enacted and the National Committee for the Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju April 3rd Incident under the office of the Prime Minister was established. The report published by the National Committee in 2003 clearly mentioned that Syngman Rhee is responsible for the Jeju April 3rd Massacre.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
=== Korean War === | |||
''See: [[Korean War]]'' | |||
During the Korean War between 1950 and 1953, President Rhee Syngman’s government indiscriminately and arbitrarily killed civilians without any legal evidence only because they may have cooperated with the North Korean People's Army. During this process, around 1 million people were massacred including people who were against the Rhee administration. In 2009, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was established by the Framework Act for Truth and Reconciliation confirmed that innocent civilians were massacred by the state forces, followed by a number of testimonies that President Rhee ordered “executing members of the South Korean Labor Party and the Bodo League members”.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
=== Post-War === | |||
While the first Constitution of South Korea stipulated that the President could be reelected only once, President Rhee Syngman and the then ruling party retrogressively amended the Constitution in 1954, in a way to allow the first president to be reelected multiple times. At that time, the draft amendment was rejected as it failed to meet the quorum, but President Rhee Syngman and the then ruling party arbitrarily calculated the quorum and forced to amend the Constitution illegally. This allowed President Rhee Syngman’s long-term seizure of power.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Politicians]] | [[Category:Politicians]] | ||
Revision as of 04:07, 19 August 2022
Syngman Rhee 이승만 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1875 March 26 Daegyong, Hwanghae, Joseon dynasty |
| Died | 1965 July 19 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
| Cause of death | Stroke |
| Nationality | Korean |
Syngman Rhee was the first president of South Korea, ruling from 1948 to 1960. Rhee ruled for the entire existence of the first republic of South Korea. The first republic was characterized by Rhee's authoritarianism and corruption, limited economic development, strong anti-communism, the mass killing of civilians, disappearances and torture of his opponents, and by the late 1950s, by growing political instability and public opposition to Rhee, ending with him fleeing to Hawaii, where he lived out the rest of his life. A 2020 letter signed by 252 South Korean NGOs says of Rhee:
Syngman Rhee who was the first president of the Republic of Korea, is responsible for the killing of 30,000 Jeju islanders between 1947 and 1954 (during the Jeju April 3rd Massacre). Secondly, he is responsible for the massacres of one million civilians during the Korean War (1950~1953), and finally, he illegally amended the Constitution in 1954, aiming for long-term seizure of power and initiated fraudulent election in 1960. As a result of his actions, series of national protests were held around April 19, 1960, calling for Mr. Rhee’s resignation and therefore, Syngman Rhee was forced to resign on April 26, 1960. [...] President Rhee Syngman is a Korean politician who acted against democracy and freedom and who was not held responsible for the mass killing of civilians, fraudulent elections, illegal amendment of the Constitution and several cases of enforced disappearance and torture leading to the death of his opponents. As a result, President Rhee was expelled by the people’s power, people who sacrificed their lives for democracy and freedom on April 26, 1960.[1]
A 1948 CIA report wrote regarding Rhee that "there is every prospect that Rhee's accession to power will be followed by intra-party cleavages and by the ruthless suppression of all non-Rhee Rightist, Moderate, and Leftist opposition," characterizing Rhee as an "imported expatriate politician" and "extreme rightist" and demagogue "bent on autocratic rule", who would be an "unpopular" figure who would play into communist propaganda due to his extreme rightist orientation, and stating that the U.S. throwing their full support behind him could potentially be "a source of future embarrassment to US policy in the Far East."[2]
According to journalist and military historian Max Hastings, it appears there was a struggle between the U.S. State Department and the OSS (later CIA) over granting Rhee a passport to Korea, and "all the evidence now suggests" that Rhee was the OSS "nominee for the leadership of a Korean civilian government" and traces a series of meetings between former deputy director of the OSS with Rhee, a person who it seems it is "almost certain" that he "assisted and raised money for Rhee in return for the promise of commercial concessions in Korea" after Rhee would come to power. Rhee flew to Seoul in one of MacArthur's aircraft, and despite the "vigorous denials" of the U.S. Army, Hastings says that "it seems likely that he met secretly with both the Supreme Commander and [General] Hodge during his stopover in Tokyo.[3]
Early life
Syngman Rhee was born in 1875 in the village of Daegyong in what is now the DPRK.[4] Rhee lived in the United States for over thirty five years, eventually earning an M.A. at Harvard and a Ph.D. at Princeton.[3] His graduation from from Harvard was in 1908.[5]
First Republic
Rhee returned to Korea in 1945 and became the first president of South Korea in 1948. In 1949, he crushed an uprising on Jeju Island, killing an estimated 14,000–100,000 people.[6] While his forces retreated at the beginning of the Korean War, they killed an additional 60,000 supposed communists.[7] He was overthrown in 1960 after massive student protests[8] and fled to Hawaii with the CIA's help.[9]
Jeju uprising and massacre
See: Jeju Uprising
From 1947 to 1954, around 30,000 people (10% of Jeju Island’s population at the time) were massacred. The massacre was a result of severe crack-down against Jeju islanders who protested against the division of the country and police oppression by Syngman Rhee’s administration and the US military who held an operational control over the South Korean military and police. In 2000, the “Special Act on Discovering the Truth of the Jeju 4·3 Incident and the Restoration of Honor of Victims” was enacted and the National Committee for the Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju April 3rd Incident under the office of the Prime Minister was established. The report published by the National Committee in 2003 clearly mentioned that Syngman Rhee is responsible for the Jeju April 3rd Massacre.[1]
Korean War
See: Korean War
During the Korean War between 1950 and 1953, President Rhee Syngman’s government indiscriminately and arbitrarily killed civilians without any legal evidence only because they may have cooperated with the North Korean People's Army. During this process, around 1 million people were massacred including people who were against the Rhee administration. In 2009, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was established by the Framework Act for Truth and Reconciliation confirmed that innocent civilians were massacred by the state forces, followed by a number of testimonies that President Rhee ordered “executing members of the South Korean Labor Party and the Bodo League members”.[1]
Post-War
While the first Constitution of South Korea stipulated that the President could be reelected only once, President Rhee Syngman and the then ruling party retrogressively amended the Constitution in 1954, in a way to allow the first president to be reelected multiple times. At that time, the draft amendment was rejected as it failed to meet the quorum, but President Rhee Syngman and the then ruling party arbitrarily calculated the quorum and forced to amend the Constitution illegally. This allowed President Rhee Syngman’s long-term seizure of power.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Association for Bereaved Families of the Jeju 4.3 Victims, Bereaved Family Association of Korean War and 252 South Korean NGOs (2020-01-20). "Letter from 252 South Korean NGOs against Syngman Rhee Day" Jeju Dark Tours. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19.
- ↑ "March 18, 1948 Central Intelligence Agency, ORE 15/48, 'The Current Situation in Korea'". Wilson Center Digital Archive. Archived from the original. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Max Hastings (1988). The Korean War: 'Origins of a Tragedy' (pp. 32, 33-34).
- ↑ Syngman Rhee (2021). Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ "이승만[李承晩,1875.3.26(음력)~1965.7.19"]. Doopedia. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ↑ Ghosts of Cheju (2000-06-18). Newsweek. Archived from the original. Retrieved 2021-21-30.
- ↑ Kim Dong-Choon (2004). Forgotten war, forgotten massacres--the Korean War (1950-1953) as licensed mass killings. [PDF] Journal of Genocide Research.
- ↑ Cause of the 4.19 Revolution.
- ↑ Cyrus Farivar (2011). The Internet of Elsewhere: The Emergent Effects of a Wired World (p. 26). Rutgers University Press.