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Essay:Anticommunism kills

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This page is a partial transfer from Leftypedia and is a work in progress.

This is a list about killings that were motivated by anticommunism. It does not include killings incidentally carried out by anticommunists (e.g. the Italo‐Ethiopian War). Despite its name, anticommunism normally affects not only communists but all other socialists as well, and often even just anybody sympathetic to socialism. Sometimes it also affects ethnicities, such as Chinese people, Jews, Mayans, and Serbs. As such, the actual tendency of the victims here is of minor relevance; what matters the most is the perpetrators’ motivations or causes.

Most of these killings were done directly; head‐to‐head. The only exceptions are fourfold: deaths caused by imperialist blockades or sanctions such as those on the RSFSR (1918–1921), Leningrad (early 1940s), the Republic of Cuba (1990s), the DPRK (1990s), and the FRY (1990s); deaths caused by explosives that detonated later than anticipated; deaths linked to nuclear weapons testing in the Cold War‐era United States; and deaths linked to comprehensive ‘decommunization’ programmes that antisocialists imposed on Easterners. Even if these indirect causes were subtracted, the total would still be well over fifty million. The total itself is composed using only the minimum of every statistic. Unspecified amounts, uncited guesses, and millions of hypothetical beings are excluded from this calculation.

1871, Paris: 18,000–30,000.[1] [2] [3] [4]

1873–1875, Spanish Republic: ‘at least several thousand’[5] (at least 10 of whom were in Alcoy during 1873[6])

1878, Berlin: 1–2.[7]

1880s, Poland: 7.[8]

1887, Chicago: 4–5.[9]

1891, Clichy: 1.[10]

1892, Montbrison: 1.[11]

1892, Poland: 46.[8]

1894, Paris: 2.[12]

1896, Montjuïc Castle: 5.[13]

1897, Vergara: 1.[14]

1905–1910, Russian Empire: over 15,000[15] (about 100 of whom were in Warsaw[16], 151–200 in Łódź,[16] [17] and possibly 400 in Moscow during 1905[18])

1906, Cananea: 13.[19]

1906, Poland: 16.[20]

1907, Kingdom of Romania: 419–11,000.[21]

1909, Barcelona: 104–600.[22] [23]

1910s–1930s, Kingdom of Italy: over 3,000[24] (41 of whom were in Albona during 1921,[25], 4 others of whom were desperate and rightfully frustrated socialists killed for attempted magnicide,[26] 11 of whom were in Turin during 1922,[27] and 5 of whom were in San Giovanni in Fiore during 1925[28])

1911, Empire of Japan: 12.[29]

1911, Sidney Street: 2.[30]

1912, Lawrence: 2.[31]

1916, Dublin: 16.[32]

1916, Everett: 5.[33] [31]

1917, Wahnerheide: 2.[34]

1917–1923, Russia: 9,000,000[35] (over 1,000,000 of these were the direct result of civil warfare;[36] 1,000 were in Peregonovka during 1919[37] and 516 were in Russian Turkestan during 1917–1934.[36] An additional 20,000–300,000 of these were killed as part of the White Terror.[38])

1917–1923, Spain: 200.[39]

1917–1923, United States of America: ∼165[40] (1 of whom was in Butte during 1917,[41] 1 of whom was in Centralia during 1919,[31] and more than 12 who were in Matewan during 1920–1922[40])

1918, Finland: 32,500[42] (1,200 of whom were in Vyborg[43])

1918–1919, Hungary: 11,666.[44]

1918–1919, Neocolonial Republic (Cuba): 7.[45]

1918–1923, Germany: thousands [46] [24] (1,000–1,500 of whom were in Berlin[24] [47] as well as 12 of whom were in Perlach during 1919,[48] over 1,000 were in Ruhr during 1920,[49] at least 354 during 1920–1922,[50] and 24 in Hamburg during 1923[24])

1919, Buenos Aires: 700.[51]

1919, Latvia: thousands (300 of whom were in Mitau[52] and 3,000 of whom were in Riga[52] [53])

1919–1921, Hungary: 500–5,000.[54]

1920s, Clevelândia: at least 6.[55]

1920s, Kingdom of Spain: over 100.[56]

1920–1922, Patagonia: 300–1,500.[57]

1921, Black Sea: 15.[58]

1922, Estonia: 1.[59]

1923, Bulgaria: 841.[60]

1923, Empire of Japan: 6,000–10,000.[61]

1923, Kraków: 18–30.[62]

1924, Estonia: 301.[59]

1924, Tatarbunary: unknown.

1925, Halle (Saale): 6.[63]

1926, Lithuania: 4.[64]

1927, Charlestown (Boston): 2.

1927–1950, China: millions.

300–10,000 of these were in Shanghai during 1927[65]
500 were in Huichang during the same year.[66]
800 were in a region west of Nanch’ang during the same year.[66]
2,000 were on their way to Canton during the same year.[67]
4,000–15,000 were in Canton (Guangzhou) during the same year.[68] [67]
300,000 were in south central China during 1928.[69]
143 were in Inner Manchuria during 1929.[36]
Over 1,000 were at Ching Kang Shan during the same year.[67]
About 4,000 were in the Kiangsi Province during 1931, and 10,000 later in the same year.[67]
1,000,000 were the fault of the Kuomintang and occurred during 1933–1934.[70]
8,000 were at Kuangch’ang during 1934.[67]
∼100,000 were during 1934–1937.[71]
584,267–900,000 were in China & Burma during 1937–1945.[72]
2,700,000 were due to the ‘Three Alls Policy’[73] enacted during the same period.[74]

1928, Ciénaga: 47–3,000.[75]

1929, Berlin: 33.[76]

1929, Lupeni: 16–58.[77]

1930s, German Reich: thousands[78] (5 of these were during January of 1930,[79] several during 1932,[80] 4 were in Altona during 1933,[81] and at least 22 were near Danzig during 1943–1945[82])

1930s–1970s, Dominican Republic: 50,000[83] (3,000 of whom died in 1960[84])

1930s–1990s, Guatemala: 100,000–200,000[85] [84] [86] [87] (at least 42,275 of whom died during 1981–1983 from racial motivations[88]).

1931, Ådalen: 5.[89]

1931, Argentina: 4.[90]

1931, Vallenar: at least 21.[91]

1932, El Salvador: 30,000.[92]

1932, People’s Republic of Mongolia: 1,800.[93]

1932, Trujillo: 1,000–5,000.[94]

1932–1939, Manchuria, Mongolia, & Primorsky Krai: 32,000[95] (236 of whom were near Lake Khasan during 1938[96] and 9,868 of whom were near the Khalkha River during 1939[97] [96])

1933, Casas Viejas: 26.[98]

1933, Grivița: 7.[99]

1934, Asturias: over 1,700.[100]

1934, Minneapolis: 2.[101]

1934, Paris: unknown. (Nine?)

1934, Ránquil: 477.[102]

1934, San Francisco: 2–9.[103]

1934, Toledo: 2.[104]

1935, Recife & Rio de Janeiro: at least 119.[105]

1936–1939, Spain: 275,000–305,000.[106]
White Terror: 150,000–400,000.[107]

1937, Chicago: at least 10.[108]

1939, Kresy: 1,475–5,327.[36] [109]

1939–1940, East Finland: 126,875–167,976.[36] [110]

1939–1975, Spain: 30,000–200,000[111] (at least 2,166 of whom anticommunists killed for resisting the régime[112])

1940s, Malaysia & Singapore: about 50,000.[113]

1940s–1950s, the Philippines: 9,695.[114]

1940s–1956, the Baltic: 18,562.[115] [116]

1940–1942, Mauthausen: 4,761–6,784. (An additional 200 ‘Red Spaniards’ died in other camps.)[117]

1940–1944, France: at least 30,000.[118]

1940–1944, Norway: scores. (At least 35 were saboteurs[119] and 20–23 were members of the Communist Central Committee.[120]

1941–1945, Yugoslavia: 245,549.[121]

1941, Kraljevo: around 2,000.[139]
1941, Kragujevac: 2,778–2,794.[140]

1941–1945, HaShoah: 5,290,000–6,200,000.[141] [142]

1941–1945, Eastern Front: 26,600,000–42,700,000.[122]

About 123 of these were in Liepāja during 1941.[145]
13,000–16,000 of these were in or near Daugavpils during 1941–1943.[146]

1942, Leusderheide: 25.[147]

1942–1944, Albania: unknown. (Likely somewhere in the thousands.)

107 of these were in Borovë during 1943.[148]
Scores (possibly 127) were in Tirana during 1944.

1942–1954, Central Luzon: over 109.[149]

1943, Leusderheide: 12.[150]

1943–1957, U.P.A. operations in the Eastern Bloc: scores of thousands.

40,000 of these were Soviet soldiers, and 22,400 were socialist officials and civilians.[128] [129]

1944, Ardeatine: 335.[151] [152] [153]

1944, Marzabotto: 770.[154]

1944–1945, Czechoslovakia: 304–608.[155] [153]

1944–1950s, Greece: 38,000–38,839.[156]

1944, Athens: 28.[157]

1944–1963, Poland: more than 15,000.[158] [159] (Both the London Polish Government and the Home Army were antidemocratic and violently Judeophobic.[160] In no meaningful way were they opposed to all of fascism; at best they were simply anti‐German.)

2,000 of these were specifically during 1945–1946,[161] and 79 were in Białystok Voivodeship during 1946.[162] About 32,400 were the fault of the U.P.A. and occurred during 1945–1948.[128] [129]

1945, Hiroshima & Nagasaki: 129,000–226,000.[163]

1945, South Korea: 100,000.[164]

1946, Hrubieszów: unknown. (Maybe in the dozens.)

1946, Punnapra & Vayalar: ∼1,000.[165]

1946, Santiago: 6.[166]

1946–1953, French Indochina: 175,000–300,000.[167] [168]

1947, Taiwan: 35,000.[85]

18,000–28,000 of these were during the February 28 incident alone.[169]

1947–1960s, Romanian People’s Republic: unknown.

1948, Java: ∼12,000.[170]

1948–1988, Burma: over 60,000.[171]

1962, Rangoon University: at least 15.[172]
1986–1987, Shan State: at least 200.[173]

1948, Kingdom of Iraq: 300–400.[174]

1948–1960, Malaysia: 10,698.[175] [176] [177] [178]

1948–1949, Jeju Island: over 12,360.[179]

1948, South Jeolla Province: 439–2,000.[180]

1949, Mungyeong: 86–88.[181]

1949–1976, global C.I.A. operations: over 1,000,000.[123]

2,000–4,000 of these were Cubans.[84]

1950s, Germany: more than 1.[183]

1950s, Sendai: 4.[184]

1950s–1960s, People’s Republic of China: ∼41,000.[185]

1950s–1970s, Cambodia & Laos: over 2,500,000.[84] [186]

More than 19 of these were in Cambodia during 1967–1968.[124]
At least 500,000 were due to aerial warfare during 1965–1973.[85] [188]
1974–1997, Laos: over 460,000. (An annual minimum of twenty thousand.)[189]

1950s–1980s, Republic of Cuba: ∼1,000–20,000.[190]

158 of these were during 1981.[191]
1960, Havana: 75.[192]
1961, Bay of Pigs: 161–176.[193] [194] [192]

1950s–2000s, Haiti: scores of thousands.

30,000–100,000 of these were during 1957–1986.[84]
3,000–4,000 were during 1986–1990s.[195]
Over 8,000 were during 2004–2005.[196]

1950, Taiwan: several.[197]

1950–1953, Korea: 1,800,000–4,500,000.[125] [85] [84]

100,000–200,000 of these died in the Bodo League massacre of 1950,[199] 163–400 in Nogeun-ri during the same year,[200] and 150–153 in Gyeonggi-do during the same.[201]

1951, Iran: ∼100.[202]

1951–1973, conterminous United States: 340,000–460,000.[126]

1953, Ossining: 2.[204] [205]
1960s, United States of America: at least 16.[222]
1970, Kent State: 4.[297]
1970, East Los Angeles: 4.[298] [299]

∼1951, Europe: ‘hundreds’.[206]

1953, Tehran: ∼300.[207]

1954, Tōkyō: 1.[208]

1954–1962, Algeria: 141,000–300,000.[209]

1955, off Great Natuna Islands: 16.[210]

1955, Sevastopol: 608.[211]

1955–1975, Vietnam: 3,000,000–5,100,000.[85] [84] [212]

14 of these were North Koreans killed during 1967–1969.[213]
20,587–40,994 were in South Vietnam during 1968–1971.[214] [215]

1955–2003, Sudan: ∼2,000,000.[84] [216]

1956, Hungary: 3,000.[84] [217]

1957–1979, Iran: ‘thousands’.[218]

1958, Lebanon: 1,000.[219]

1959, Seoul: 1.[220]

1959, Mosul: unknown. (Likely in the hundreds.)

1959, Tibet: 2,000.[221]

1960s, Republic of Indonesia: 500,000–3,000,000.[85] [84] [223] [224] [225]

1960s–1970, Eritrea: over one thousand.

946 of these were during 1967.[226]
200 were in Besik‐Dira.[226]
700 were in Ona.[226]

1960s–1980s, Korean Peninsula: hundreds.

Approximately 180 were in Seoul during 1960.[227]
13 of these were in the DPRK during 1964.[228]
397 were at the Korean Demilitarized Zone during 1966–1969.[229]
20 were in the DPRK during 1967.[230]
28–29 were somewhere near the DMZ during 1968.[231] [232]
110–113 were in the Republic of Korea during the same year.[233] [232]
3 were in Kumchon during 1970.[232]
3 were in Gangwon-do during 1976.[232]
1 was at the Korean Demilitarized Zone during 1979.[232]
144–2,000 were at Kwangju during 1980.[234]
3 were at the Han River during the same year.[232]
1 was at Gangwon-do during 1981.[232]
3 were at the Imjin River during the same year.[232]
1 was on the east coast during 1982.[232]
3 were during 1984.[235]
2 were during 1987.

1960s–1980s, the Philippines: 100,000[84] (and at least 3,257 of these have been confirmed as extrajudicial[127] [128])

1960s–1990, Nicaragua: 25,000–100,000[85] [84] (over 3,000 of whom were in the mountains east of Matagalpa during the 1970s[129])

1960s–1991, Ethiopia: unknown.

1960s–1992, Angola: 300,000–1,500,000.[85] [84] [239]

2,016–15,000 of these were Cubans, and 54 were Soviets.[240]

1960s–1992, Mozambique: over 1,000,000.[85] [241]

1960s–1994, South Africa: about 7,200.[242]

1960s–present, Congo: 3,000,000–4,000,000.[84] [243]

60,000–70,000 of these were in Congo-Léopoldville during 1964.[244]

1960s–present, Colombia: over 67,000.[84] [245]

11,484 of these were since 2004 alone.[246]

1960, Hibiya Hall: 1.[247]

1960–1963, Ecuador: at least 5.[248]

1960–1965, Peru: unknown.

1961–1964, Brazil: several.

2 of these were at Recife during 1964.[249]
2–3 were in Rio de Janeiro during the same year.[249]
2 were in Minas Gerais during the same year.[249]

1962, Charonne: 9.[250]

1962–1970, North Yemen: 26,000.[251]

1962–1990, Sarawak: 400–500.[130]

1963, Republic of Iraq: 1,600–5,000.[131]

1963–1966, Malay Peninsula: 590.[132]

1963–1967, Aden Protectorate: 382.[255]

1963–1974, Guinea‐Bissau: over 6,000.[256]

1963–1976, Dhofar: over 433.[257]

1964, Neshoba County: 3.[258]

1964–1967, Bolivia: 42–54.[259]

1967, Catavi: 87.[259]

1964–1979, Rhodesia: over 10,000.[260]

1964–1982, United Mexican States: over 3,000.[261]

5 of these were in San Miguel Canoa during 1968.[262] [263]
At least 300 were at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas during the same year.[264] [265]
At least 30 were in Guerrero during 1970–1975.[129]

1965–1990, Thailand: thousands.

133 of these were during 1965–1967.[266]
3,008 were during 1971–1973.[267]
40 were during 1976.[268]
310 were during 1980.[268]

1966, El Salvador (Chile): 8.[269]

1966, Ghana: 20–1,600.[270]

1966–1967, Macau: 8.[271]

1966–1990, South West Africa: over 11,335.[272]

1966–1998, Northern Ireland: 368.[273]

1967, Hong Kong: 26–51.[274]

1968, France: 5.[275]

1968–1989, Malaysia: 212.[276]

1969, Puerto Montt: 10.[277]

1969–1990s, Panama: 500–4,000.[84] [92] [278]

1992: ‘hundreds’.[279]

1970s–1980s, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, & Uruguay: 13,000–80,000.[84] [280]

At least 13 of these were in Ezeiza during 1973.[281]
9,089–43,000 of these were in Argentina during 1974–1983.[282] [85] [92] [283]
400 of these were in Bolivia during the 1970s,[84] and 58 specifically were during 1970.[284]
3,000–20,000 of these were in Chile during the 1970s–1990.[282] [85] [285] [84] [92]

1970s–1980s, Southern Cone: ‘tens of thousands’. (An additional one hundred thousand to one hundred fifty thousand suffered torture.)[286]

1970s–1980s, Italian Republic: at least 301.[287]

1970s–1984, Grenada: 277.[84]

1970s–1992, Afghanistan: 500,000–1,800,000.[85] [84]

1970s–1994, Republic of El Salvador: 70,000–75,000.[85] [288] [84] [92]

50–100 of these were at the National Hospital Rosales during 1975.[289]
18–24 were at the San Salvador Cathedral during 1979.[290]
300–600 were in Chalatenango during 1980.[291]
800–1,200 were in El Mozote during 1981.[292]
Over 200 were in El Calabozo during 1982.[293]

1970s–1999, East Timor: 200,000–230,000.[85] [84] [294]

1970, Río Piedras: 1.[295] [296]

1971, West Pakistan: 300,000–3,000,000. (An additional eight to ten million fled.)[84] [300]

1972, Bosnia‐Herzegovina: 13.[301]

1975–1990, France & Spain: 66.[302]

1975–present, Socialist Republic of Vietnam: over 42,000.[133]

1976, Barbados: 73.[304]

1976, Montejurra: 2.[305]

1976–1980, Republic of Turkey: 2,109.[306]

34–42 of these were in Taksim Square during 1977.[307] [308]

1977, Atocha (Madrid): 5.[309]

1978, Guyana: over 900.[310]

1979, Yemen: hundreds.

1979, Greensboro (North Carolina): 5.[192]

1979–1981, Iran: 4,000.[311]

1981, Tehran: 50.[312]

1980s, Honduras: 400.[84]

1980–present, Peru: over 20,458.[313]

123 of these were in Putis during 1984.[314]
47–74 of these were in Accomarca during 1985.[315]
Over 133 of these were in Peruvian prisons during 1986.[316]
15 of these were in Barrios Altos during 1991.[317] [92]
9 of these were in the Santa Province during 1992.
10 of these were in La Cantuta during 1992.[318] [92]

1982, Chad: 40,000.[319] [84]

1982, Beirut: 4,000–5,000.[320]

1982, West Beirut: 450–3,500.[321]

1983–1984, Belgium: ‘several’.[287]

1985, Philadelphia: 11.[322]

1987, Lieyu: 19.[323]

1987, Ouagadougou: 13.[324]

1988, Islamic Republic of Iran: 2,800–30,000.[325] [326] [327]

1989, Beijing: at least 23.[328]

1989, Republic of Venezuela: 200–600.[329]

1989, Romania: more than 2.[330]

1990s, Republic of Cuba: at least 47,000.[331]

1990s–2000s, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: 250,000–3,000,000.[134] [335] [336][a]

1990s–2000s, Eastern Bloc: 1,000,000–10,000,000.[135]

500–1,052 were in Moscow during 1993.[338]
At least 32 (out of maximum of 96) were confirmed as homicides against journalists in the Russian Federation,[339] 1 of which was in Chechnya’s capital during 1993, 7 somewhere in Russia’s during the same year,[340] 5 somewhere during 1994,[341] 9 during 1995,[342] another 7 during the same year,[343] 1 during 1998,[344] and 2 during 1999.[345]

1990s–2000s, Yugoslavia: 107,000.[84]

44 of these were in Slovenia during 1991.[346] [347]
8,106 were in Croatia during 1991.[348] [349]
1,103 were in Vukovar during 1991.[350] [351]
At least 11,702 were in Kosovo during 1998–1999,[352] of which 300 were officials that the KLA killed and 1,008 that the NATO killed.[353] About 1,730–3,500 of them were non‐Albanian civilians, 8,661 were Albanians who either died or went missing,[354] and 3 were in a Chinese embassy (allegedly mistaken for a Yugoslav arms agency).
At least 12 were killed in magnicides during 1997–2000.[355]

1990, Baku: 21–29.[358] [330]

1992, Cheorwon: maybe 3.[232]

1992–present, Northeast India: at least 8,530.[359]

1994, Yemen: unknown. (Likely in the hundreds.)

1994–present, Chiapas: over 51.[360]

1997, Acteal: 45.[361], [129]

1995, Imjin River: 1.[232]

1996, Gangneung: 13.[362]

1996, Nepal: 8,000–12,000.[84]

1997–present, India: 3,402–4,041.[363]

At least 905 were specifically since 2009.[364]

1997, Albania: 2,000.[365]

1999, Northern Limit Line: unknown. (Allegedly 17–30.)

20th century, Federal Republic of Germany: over 20.[366]

1971–1979: 9–14.[367] [330]

2000s–present, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: dozens of thousands.

300 of these were in the countryside during 2001–2006.[368]
7–12 of these were in El Silencio during 2002.[369]
At least 9 of these were during 2013.[370]
At least 16 of these were during 2014.[371]
At least 55 of these were during 2017.[372]
40,000 were during 2017–2018.[373]
Possibly 14 or so of these were during 2019.[374]

2001, East China Sea: 15.[375]

2001–2010, the Philippines: 1,200.[376]

2002, Northern Limit Line: unknown. (Allegedly 13.)

2009, off the coast of Daecheong Island: 1–10.[377]

2011, Libya: 30,000–100,000.[136]

2011, Oslo & Utøya: 77.[379]

2011–present, Syria: over 6,000.[380] [381]

2017, City of Charlottesville: 1.[382]

2017, Calabarzon: 15.[383]

2018, Republic of Nicaragua: at least 44.[384]

2019, Republic of Ecuador: 9.[385]

2019, Republic of Chile: 24.[386] [387]

2019, Plurinational State of Bolivia: 33.[388]

2019, Mariano Montilla barracks: 1.[389]

Total: no fewer than 65,808,646.

Pessimistic estimate (all maxima added together): ∼109,939,814.

References

  1. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 188). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  2. ↑ Martha Crenshaw, John Pimlott. International Encyclopedia of Terrorism (p. 52).
  3. ↑ International Encyclopedia of Terrorism (p. 515). ABC-CLIO.
  4. ↑ Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography (2013) (p. 1470). Routledge.
  5. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 189). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  6. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220116120839/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/index.htm
  7. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/a/n.htm#anti-socialist-law (One of these men suicided, but it is unlikely that the officials would have spared his life. His inclusion is left to the reader’s own judgement.)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Albert Szymański (1984). Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (p. 4). Praeger Publishers.
  9. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 253). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  10. ↑ Jean Maitron. Le mouvement anarchiste en France: des origines à 1914.
  11. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/ravachol/biography.htm
  12. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/henry/biography.htm
  13. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Spain (p. 448).
  14. ↑ https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1917/political-violence.htm
  15. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 340). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Albert Szymański (1984). Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (p. 5). Praeger Publishers.
  17. ↑ Włodzimierz Kalicki. Rok 1905: Przebudzeni bombą.
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185620/http://www.marxist.com/bolshevism-old/part2-5.html
  19. ↑ ARMED AMERICANS AT GREENE'S MINE; Rushed Into Mexico from Arizona Against Gov. Kibbey's Orders..
  20. ↑ Rudolf Rocker. The London Years.
  21. ↑ Markus Bauer. Cauzele și originea răscoalei țărănești din 1907. J. William Leasure. The historical decline of fertility in Eastern Europe. Lavinia Betea. 1907-2007: Revolta fără conducători din Regatul României. Charles Ragin & Daniel Chirot. The Market, Tradition and Peasant Rebellion: The Case of Romania in 1907 (pp. 428–444). Philip Gabriel Eidelberg. The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt of 1907: Origins of a Modern Jacquerie. A report from the secret police argued that the anarchist propaganda contributed to this revolt. An example given is a certain village teacher, Nicolăescu-Cranta (comrade of anarchist Panait Mușoiu), who helped instigate the revolts through the speeches that he gave to the peasants. See Vlad Brătulescu. Anarhismul în România.
  22. ↑ Juan Gómez Casas (1986). Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F.A.I. (p. 48). Black Rose Books.
  23. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 329). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 330). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  25. ↑ Giacomo Scotti & Luciano Giuricin (1971). La Repubblica di Albona e il movimento dell’occupazione delle fabbriche in Italia (p. 110). Centro di ricerche storiche.
  26. ↑ That is, Angelo Sbardellotto, Anteo Zamboni, Giacomo Matteotti, and Michele Schirru.
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20171027152138/http://ita.anarchopedia.org/Strage_di_Torino_(18-20_dicembre_1922)
  28. ↑ http://ildispaccio.it/cosenza/106754
  29. ↑ Hugh Cortazzi & Ian Hill Nish. Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits.
  30. ↑ https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/return-fire-siege-on-sidney-street
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 369). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  32. ↑ https://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf
  33. ↑ The Tacoma Times.
  34. ↑ Deutsche Geschichte 1919–1945.
  35. ↑ Megan Trudell. The Russian civil war: a Marxist analysis. Tony Cliff. Lenin 3: Revolution Besieged. Most of these were victims of famine, but it and these nine million dead are both still attributable essentially to foreign invasions (British, French, Czechoslovakian, Japanese, Polish, &c.) and to the blockade that the capitalist powers organized.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Grigori F. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century.
  37. ↑ Le Banquet des Généraux.
  38. ↑ Вадим Эрлихман (2004). Потери народонаселения в XX веке. Издательский дом «Русская панорама».
  39. ↑ Historia y Opinión : El Pistolerismo en Barcelona, La prensa mata a Buenaventura Durruti en 1923, Los Solidarios, la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la dictablanda..
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 370). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7 In the early twentieth century, European‐Americans often perceived black folks as proxies to anarchism and communism—if not anarchists or communists themselves. Jeff Woods’s Black Struggle, Red Scare notes that ‘Across the country, anti‐Communists launched campaigns to identify and eradicate the red menace, both real and perceived. Among those targeted nationwide as potential subversives were blacks. […] With reports such as these, as well as some widely publicized statements in the radical press claiming Negro allegiance with bolshevism, large numbers of Americans inside and outside the South accepted the argument that the country’s racial unrest was due in some part to Communist agitation. The charges were unquestionably exaggerated, especially by organizations such as the the Ku Klux Klan.’ See Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920: '11'., for more.
  41. ↑ America’s Unofficial Religion — The War On An Idea.
  42. ↑ Paavolainen, Eerola, Westerlund, Suodenjoki, Tikka & alia.
  43. ↑ Lars Westerlund. Me odotimme teitä vapauttajina ja te toitte kuolemaa.
  44. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 344). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  45. ↑ Frank Fernández. Cuban Anarchism: The History of A Movement: '2'.
  46. ↑ Ben Reynolds. The Coming Revolution (p. 178). Jay Winter. The Cambridge History of the First World War: The State (p. 260).
  47. ↑ To the Masses (p. 105).
  48. ↑ Max Hirschberg & Reinhard Weber. Jude und Demokrat. Douglas Morris. Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany (p. 194). (Most of the dead were actually members of the Social Democratic Party.)
  49. ↑ Heinrich August Winkler. Germany: The Long Road West, vol. 2.
  50. ↑ Robert George Leeson Waite. Vanguard of Nazism (pp. 214–216).
  51. ↑ Horacio Ricardo Silva. Días rojos, verano negro: enero de 1919, la semana trágica de Buenos Aires.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Modris Eksteins. Walking Since Daybreak: A Story of Eastern Europe, World War II, and the Heart of Our Century (p. 73).
  53. ↑ Philip Farr (1944). Soviet Russia and the Baltic Republics (p. 16). Russia Today Society.
  54. ↑ Magyarország a XX. században. Török Bálint. Trianon magyar szemmel.
  55. ↑ John W. F. Dulles. Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935 (p. 363).
  56. ↑ Juan Gómez Casas (1986). Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F.A.I. (pp. 60–64). Black Rose Books.
  57. ↑ Juan Lanús (1988). La Causa Argentina (pp. 46 & 393). Emecé Editores.
  58. ↑ TKP commemorates its founders, Mustafa Suphi and 14 comrades.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Philip Farr (1944). Soviet Russia and the Baltic Republics (p. 27). Russia Today Society.
  60. ↑ Музей на революционното движение в България.
  61. ↑ Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. A play teaching the history of the Great Kanto Earthquake massacres to Japanese youth. Yokohama recalls texts describing 1923 'massacre' of Koreans. 1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints. Robert Neff. The Great Kanto Earthquake Massacre. Joshua Hammer. Yokohama burning: the deadly 1923 earthquake and fire that helped forge the path to World War II (p. 167). The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. (See also: https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com ; Murder of an Anarchist Recalled: Suppression of News in the Wake of the 1923 Tokyo Earthquake. Mikiso Hane. Reflections on the Way to the Gallows.)
  62. ↑ Andrzej Osęka. Gumowa kula demokracji. Wspomnienie o adw. Eugeniuszu Śmiarowskim (1878–1932).
  63. ↑ German Police Kill Six in Riot at Red Meeting (14 March 1925) (p. 7). Chicago Daily Tribune.
  64. ↑ Philip Farr (1944). Soviet Russia and the Baltic Republics (p. 28). Russia Today Society.
  65. ↑ China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 361). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 362). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  68. ↑ Philip S. Jowett. The Armies of Warlord China 1911–1928.
  69. ↑ Zhou Enlai: A Political Life (p. 38).
  70. ↑ Edgar Snow (2013). Red Star Over China (p. 162). Read Books Ltd..
  71. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 363). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7 (It is possible that a minority of these died from natural causes, but the exact number is unknown.)
  72. ↑ Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan. 关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题. Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (pp. 368 & 527). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  73. ↑ The Concise Encyclopedia of World War II (p. 1074). ABC-CLIO.
  74. ↑ Herbert P. Bix. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. or specifically Mitsuyoshi Himeta. 日本軍による『三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって. For the anticommunist motives, see Jay Corrin, June Grasso, & Michael Kort. Modernization and Revolution in China: From the Opium Wars to World Power.
  75. ↑ The Santa Marta Massacre. and Eduardo Posada-Carbó. Fiction as History: The bananeras and Gabriel García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude.
  76. ↑ Uwe Klussmann. „Blutmai“ im Wedding.
  77. ↑ 16 RUMANIA MINERS SHOT BY SOLDIERS; Another Report Says 58 Are Killed (7 August 1929) (p. 9). The New York Times. City of Lupeni. Jack R. Friedman. Furtive Selves: Proletarian Contradictions, Self-Presentation, and the Party in 1950s Romania. Bitter Victory for Romanian Miners.
  78. ↑ Nikolaus Wachsmann. KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (p. 41).
  79. ↑ 5 Die in German Riots in Memory of Red Martyrs (16 January 1930). Chicago Daily Tribune.
  80. ↑ Ian Kershaw. Hitler: 1889–1936 Hubris (pp. 244–5).
  81. ↑ Robert Bohn. Die nationalsozialistische Sondergerichtsbarkeit in Schleswig-Holstein.
  82. ↑ Bo Lidegaard. Countrymen (p. 155).
  83. ↑ Rafael Trujillo and the Forgotten Genocide. See Killing Hope, chapter 29 for details.
  84. ↑ 84.00 84.01 84.02 84.03 84.04 84.05 84.06 84.07 84.08 84.09 84.10 84.11 84.12 84.13 84.14 84.15 84.16 84.17 84.18 84.19 84.20 84.21 84.22 84.23 84.24 84.25 84.26 84.27 James A. Lucas. US Has Killed More Than 20 Million People in 37 “Victim Nations” Since World War II.
  85. ↑ 85.00 85.01 85.02 85.03 85.04 85.05 85.06 85.07 85.08 85.09 85.10 85.11 85.12 85.13 Michael Parenti (1997). Blackshirts & Reds: Rational Fascism & the Overthrow of Communism (p. 25). City Light Books.
  86. ↑ William Blum. Killing Hope: US Military & CIA Interventions since World War II. Zed Books.
  87. ↑ 10 of the Most Lethal CIA Interventions in Latin America.
  88. ↑ La Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico.
  89. ↑ Massakern i Ådalen har tonats ner.
  90. ↑ Felipe Pigna. Los Mitos de la historia argentina.
  91. ↑ Gonzalo Izquierdo. Historia de Chile (p. 37).
  92. ↑ Edward A. Lynch. Cold War’s Last Battlefield, The: Reagan, the Soviets, and Central America (p. 49). El Salvador - Economic Crisis and Repression. Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 380). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  93. ↑ Б.Зинамидар. Гадаадаас турхирсан 1932 оны бослого.
  94. ↑ Luis Alberto Sánchez (1984). Política sin caretas (p. 179). Okura Editores. Mario Vargas Llosa. Literatura y política (p. 24). Peru (1912-present).
  95. ↑ Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 (p. 1176). The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: ‘August Storm’ (pp. xxi).
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Grover Furr (2014). Blood Lies: The Evidence that Every Accusation against Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union in Timothy Snyder’s Bloodlands Is False (p. 249). Red Star Publishers.
  97. ↑ M. Kolomiets. Boi u reki Khalkhin-Gol. Халхин-гольское сражение: пересмотр статистики.
  98. ↑ Julián Casanova. De la calle al frente (p. 113).
  99. ↑ Legendele Griviţei - comuniştii declaraţi singurii vinovaţi.
  100. ↑ H. Thomas. The Spanish Civil War. Examples of antisocialist motives can be read in Unearthing Franco’s Legacy (p. 62). and Deadly Embrace (pp. 252–254).
  101. ↑ Jeremy Brecher. The Minneapolis Teamsters strike, 1934.
  102. ↑ Andrés Solimano. Capitalismo a la chilena: Y la prosperidad de las elites (p. 45). El Partido Comunista de Chile y el levantamiento de Ranquil. Téllez Lúgaro. El levantamiento del a Alto Biobío y el Soviet y la República Araucana de 1934.
  103. ↑ Fred Glass. From Mission to Microchip: A History of the California Labor Movement.
  104. ↑ Stershner Bernard (1977). Depression and New Deal in Ohio (p. 262).
  105. ↑ Os 50 anos da primeira intentona comunista. A Intentona Comunista: o que é fato e o que é boato. Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 385). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  106. ↑ Stanley Sandler. Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Manuel Álvaro Dueñas. La gran represión: los años de plomo del franquismo.
  107. ↑ Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain.
  108. ↑ Ahmed A. White. The Drive to Organize Steel. The ‘Little Steel’ Strike of 1937: Class Violence, Law, and the End of the New Deal..
  109. ↑ Igor Bunich. Operatsiia Groza, Ili, Oshibka V Tretem Znake: Istoricheskaia Khronika (p. 88). Contrary to popular belief, the anti‐Soviet forces were renegades who acted illegally during this operation.
  110. ↑ Juri Kilin. Rajakahakan hidas jäiden lähtö. Pavel Petrov. Venäläinen talvisotakirjallisuus.. For the Finnish government’s anti‐Soviet sentiment and the origins of the conflict, see here.
  111. ↑ Michael L. Coulter. Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science, and Social Policy (p. 440). Nigel Townson. Spain Transformed (p. 250). Lorraine Ryan. Memory and Spatiality in Post-Millennial Spanish Narrative (p. 32).
  112. ↑ Antonio Téllez. Armed resistance to Franco.
  113. ↑ Ooi Giok Ling. Southeast Asian Culture and Heritage in a Globalising World – Diverging Identities in a Dynamic Region. For some examples of anticommunist motivation, see here.
  114. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 616). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  115. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 616). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  116. ↑ Andrejs Plakans. The Latvians: A Short History (p. 155). Hoover Press.
  117. ↑ David Wing Pike. Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube.
  118. ↑ Terry Crowdy. French Resistance Fighter: France’s Secret Army.
  119. ↑ Lars Borgersrud. I spissen for sabotasjekampen, Aftenposten (p. 5).
  120. ↑ Arne Ording, Gudrun Johnson, & Johan Garder. Våre falne 1939–1945. Nordre gravlund.
  121. ↑ Vladimir Geiger. Ljudski gubici Hrvatske u Drugom svjetskom ratu koje su prouzročili "okupatori i njihovi pomagači".
  122. ↑ Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Michael Haynes. Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War. It is important to note that the minimum of twenty‐six million is merely the excess deaths rather than the total. However, the maximum of forty‐two million would include some false positives, that is to say, profascist citizens (included merely because of their national origin) and possibly even a couple million migrants, who did not necessarily die at all during the 1940s. Thus determining a more exact estimate would be very difficult.
  123. ↑ John Stockwell. The Secret Wars of the CIA.
  124. ↑ Ben Kiernan. The Samlaut Rebellion, 1967–68.
  125. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/anti-communist-myths-debunked/page/n135/mode/1up (and see Killing Hope, chapter 5, for details).
  126. ↑ Keith Meyers. Some Unintended Fallout from Defense Policy: Measuring the Effect of Atmospheric Nuclear Testing on American Mortality Patterns. Yes, nobody ever said that the victims were socialists, but without the crusade against communism there would be no justification for holding these tests at all.
  127. ↑ Alfred McCoy. Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime.
  128. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 624). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (p. 640). McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  130. ↑ Malaya rebels on move again.
  131. ↑ Kanan Makiya. Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. Bryan R. Gibson. Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War.
  132. ↑ Michael Carver. Conventional Warfare in the Nuclear Age.
  133. ↑ Vietnam War Bomb Explodes Killing Four Children. Vietnam war shell explodes, kills two fishermen. (Yes, these deaths might have been unintentional, but do not forget why the bombs existed in the first place.)
  134. ↑ Economic Sanctions Against a Nuclear North Korea (p. 86). U.S. Media Ignores Humanitarian Aspects of Famine in Korea. Daniel Goodkind & Loraine West (2001). The North Korean famine and its demographic impact. Population and Development Review, vol.27 (pp. 219–38). Population Council.
  135. ↑ Oxford University. Death surge linked with mass privatisation. David Zaridze, Paolo Boffetta, Paul Brennan, & Tamara Men. Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region. David Stuckler, Lawrence King, & Martin McKee. Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis. David Satter. 5/6: the transition that took five million lives.
  136. ↑ Libya: Civil War Casualties Could Reach 100,000.
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