On the Three Stages in the Development of Socialism (Cheng Enfu)

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TABLE 1. Core Elements of Capitalism, Socialism (Primary, Intermediate, and Advanced Stages), and Communism

	System of property rights	System of distribution	System of regulation
Modern capitalism	Private ownership primary according to capital	Distribution by market	State-directed economy
Primary stage of socialism	Public ownership in various forms primary (private ownership secondary)	Market-based distribution according to labor primary (distribution according to capital secondary)	State-dominated market economy
Intermediate stage of socialism	Multiple forms of public ownership (state, cooperative, joint-stock)	Multiple commodity-type distribution according to labor	State-dominated planed economy (market adjustment secondary)
Advanced stage of socialism	Single public ownership by entire society	Product-based distribution according to labor	Complete planned economy
Communism	Single public ownership by entire society	Product-based distribution according to need (distribution according to labor for new consumer goods in short supply)	Complete planned economy