Editing Dwight D. Eisenhower

'''Dwight David''' '''Eisenhower''' (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed '''Ike''', was the 34th president of the [[United States of America]] from 1953 to 1961. Prior to the presidency, he had been supreme commander of the [[Allied powers of Second World War|Allied forces]] in western [[Europe]] during the [[Second World War]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dwight-D-Eisenhower “Dwight D. Eisenhower.”] In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> 

The Vice President under Eisenhower was future President [[Richard Nixon]]. [[Allen Dulles]] was the CIA Director during Eisenhower's administration. Meanwhile, [[John Foster Dulles]], brother of Allen Dulles, was the U.S. Secretary of State during this time.<ref>[https://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/dwight-d-eisenhower-administration “Dwight D. Eisenhower - Administration.”] Miller Center. December 16, 2016. </ref>

== Eisenhower Doctrine ==
Eisenhower announced the "Eisenhower Doctrine" in January 1957, and Congress approved it in March of the same year. The Eisenhower Doctrine was aimed at preventing [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet]] influence in the [[Middle East]] and stifling [[Arab nationalism]], while making sure that the region would be under U.S. influence as [[Europe|European]] influence began to weaken there. The Doctrine, formulated by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, came as a direct result of the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, sparked when [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egyptian]] President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, the joint [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]]-[[French Republic|French]] enterprise which had owned and operated the Suez Canal since its construction in 1869. Although Nasser offered full economic compensation for the Company, the British and French Governments were outraged by the nationalization. U.S. worries about the continued viability of [[Imperial core|Western]] political and military power in the Middle East in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis prompted the creation of the Eisenhower Doctrine.<ref name=":0">[https://www.rt.com/news/years-since-eisenhower-doctrine/ “50 Years since Eisenhower Doctrine.”] RT International. March 9, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220926190749/https://www.rt.com/news/years-since-eisenhower-doctrine/ Archived] 2022-09-26.</ref><ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/suez “Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian.”] State.gov. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230314193451/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/suez Archived] 2023-03-14.</ref>

Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet Union in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international [[communism]]." The Doctrine also aimed to contain Arab nationalism, with Eisenhower believing that, as a result of the Suez conflict, a power vacuum had formed in the Middle East due to the loss of prestige of Great Britain and France. Eisenhower feared that this had allowed [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]] policies to spread and for Nasser to form alliances with [[Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|Jordan]] and [[Syrian Arab Republic|Syria]]. Eisenhower wanted this supposed power vacuum to be filled by the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine “Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian.”] State.gov. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230322232333/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine Archived] 2023-03-22.</ref>

== Cuba ==
In 1958, President Eisenhower ordered an arms embargo on [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] to prevent the overthrow of the [[Fulgencio Batista]] regime by [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[26th of July Movement]] and allies.<ref>Bowdish, Jean. [https://www.workers.org/2019/10/44220/ “The Venceremos Brigade: 50 Years of Solidarity with Cuba.”] Workers World. November 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221127113133/https://www.workers.org/2019/10/44220/ Archive link].</ref> However, by January 1959, Batista was overthrown. The consensus in Washington, D.C. was that the revolutionary changes taking place in Cuba could not be allowed to continue, and in March 1960, President Eisenhower directed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to develop a plan for the invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro, which eventually lead to the failed [[Bay of Pigs invasion]] in 1961. Although the invasion took place in the first months of the [[John F. Kennedy]] administration, it had been conceived and planned during Eisenhower's administration.<ref>Ruiz, Carmelo. [https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/Bay-of-Pigs-the-CIAs-Biggest-Fiasco-55-years-later-20150416-0042.html “Bay of Pigs, the CIA’s Biggest Fiasco, 55 Years Later.”] Telesurenglish.net. teleSUR. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221231021950/https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/Bay-of-Pigs-the-CIAs-Biggest-Fiasco-55-years-later-20150416-0042.html Archive link].</ref> In addition, the [[United States embargo against Cuba]] was intensified at this time, now directed at toppling the Castro administration, with an aim to "bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government" in Cuba, as stated in a 1960 memorandum written by the then U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499 "Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom)."] Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Cuba, Volume vi - Office of the Historian. State.gov. U.S. Department of State. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220806052659/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499 Archived] 2022-08-14.</ref>

== References ==
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[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]