Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country|name=Democratic Republic of Afghanistan<br />{{small|(1978–1987)}}<br />دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت (Pashto)<br />جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان (Dari){{hr}}Republic of Afghanistan<br />{{small|(1987–1992)}}<br />د افغانستان جمهوریت (Pashto)<br />جمهوری افغانستان (Dari)|event3=Soviet withdrawal completed|event1=Soviet Intervention against the Mujahideen|date_event1=27 December 1979|event2=1987 ''Loya Jirga''|date_event2=29-30 November 1987|date_event3=15 February 1989|event_end=Fall of Kabul|event_start=Proclaimed|year_start=30 April 1978|year_end=28 April 1992|event_pre=[[Saur Revolution]]|era=[[Cold War]]|life_span= | {{Infobox country|name=Democratic Republic of Afghanistan<br />{{small|(1978–1987)}}<br />دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت (Pashto)<br />جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان (Dari){{hr}}Republic of Afghanistan<br />{{small|(1987–1992)}}<br />د افغانستان جمهوریت (Pashto)<br />جمهوری افغانستان (Dari)|event3=Soviet withdrawal completed|event1=Soviet Intervention against the Mujahideen|date_event1=27 December 1979|event2=1987 ''Loya Jirga''|date_event2=29-30 November 1987|date_event3=15 February 1989|event_end=Fall of Kabul|event_start=Proclaimed|year_start=30 April 1978|year_end=28 April 1992|event_pre=[[Saur Revolution]]|era=[[Cold War]]|life_span=1978–1992|leader_title2=Head of State|image_flag=Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg|image_coat=Emblem of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg|capital=Kabul|largest_city=Kabul|image_map=Afghanistan_(orthographic_projection).svg|map_width=260|map_caption=Map of Afghanistan with modern borders|official_languages=Pashto, Dari|religion=Islam (state religion)|government_type=Unitary [[Marxist-Leninist]] socialist republic (1978-1987)<br />Unitary Islamic republic (1987-1992)|leader_title1=General Secretary|leader_name1=Mohammad Najibullah (1986-1992; last)|leader_name2=Mohammad Najibullah (1987-1992; last)|HDI_year=1992|leader_title3=Head of Government|leader_name3=Fazal Haq Khaliqyar (1990-1992; last)|currency=Afghani|currency_code=AFA|calling_code=+93|iso3166code=AF|HDI=0.316|date_pre=27-28 April 1978}}The '''Democratic Republic of Afghanistan''' ('''DRA'''),<ref group="lower-alpha">Pashto: دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت, ''Dǝ Afġānistān Dimukratī Jumhūriyat''<br />Dari: جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان, ''Jumhūri-ye Dimukrātī-ye Afġānistān''</ref> renamed to the '''Republic of Afghanistan'''<ref group="lower-alpha">Pashto: د افغانستان جمهوریت, ''Dǝ Afġānistān Jumhūriyat''<br />Dari: جمهوری افغانستان, ''Jumhūrī-ye Afġānistān''</ref> in 1987, existed from 1978 to 1992, when the [[socialist]] [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) ruled [[Afghanistan]]. It fell to [[reactionary]] warlords and [[Landlord|landlords]] funded by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name=":1222" /> | ||
== History == | |||
=== Revolution === | |||
The PDPA came to power following the [[Saur Revolution]], which ousted the government of [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]] on 30 April 1978<ref>{{Citation|author=Urban, Mark|year=1990|title=War in Afghanistan: Second Edition|page=10|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-04255-4}}</ref>. Daoud was succeeded by [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] as head of state and government. Taraki and [[Hafizullah Amin]], the organiser of the Saur Revolution, introduced several contentious reforms during their rule, the most notable being equal rights to women, universal education and land reform.<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Dameyer, Christina|date=1985-08-06|title=In Afghanistan, Soviets find replacing Islam with communism isn't easy|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0806/olam.html|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315175509/https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0806/olam.html|archive-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> In July 1978, it abolished all [[Debt|debts]] caused by [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[Interest|usurers]].<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Mecca|page=272|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | |||
Najibullah pursued a policy of [[National Reconciliation]] with the opposition, a new Afghan constitution was introduced in 1987 and [[Afghan parliamentary election, 1988|elections were held in 1988]] (which were boycotted by the Mujahideen).<ref>{{Citation|author=Amtstutz, J. Bruce|year=1994|title=Afghanistan: Past and Present|page=152|publisher=DIANE Publishing}}</ref> After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988–1989, the government faced increasing resistance. 1990 proved to be a year of change in Afghan politics: a new constitution was introduced, which stated that Afghanistan was an Islamic republic, and the PDPA was transformed into the Watan Party, which has survived to this day as the Democratic Watan Party. On the military front, the government proved capable of defeating the armed opposition in open battle, as in the Battle of Jalalabad. However, with an aggressive armed opposition, internal difficulties such as a [[1990 Afghan coup attempt|failed coup attempt]] by the Khalq faction in 1990 and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the Najibullah government collapsed in April 1992.<ref>{{Citation|author=Braithwaite, Rodric|year=2011|title=Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|page=296-299|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983265-1}}</ref> | === Khalq–Parcham struggle === | ||
Soon after taking power, a power struggle began between the [[Khalq faction]] led by Taraki and Amin and the [[Parcham faction]] led by [[Babrak Karmal]]. The Khalqists won and the Parchamists were purged from the party. The most prominent Parcham leaders were exiled to the [[Eastern Bloc]] and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Rasanayagam, Angelo|year=2005|title=Afghanistan: A Modern History|title-url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange|page=71-73|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1850438571}}</ref> | |||
After the Khalq–Parcham struggle, a power struggle within the Khalq faction began between Taraki and Amin. Amin won the struggle, and Taraki was killed on his orders.<ref>{{Citation|author=Misdaq, Nabi|year=2006|title=Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference|page=123-125|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415702058}}</ref> His rule proved unpopular within his own country (due to the reforms mentioned earlier) and in the [[Soviet Union]]. The Soviet Union intervened, supported by the Afghan government, in December 1979, and on 27 December Amin was assassinated by Soviet military forces.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Braithwaite, Rodric|year=2011|title=Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|page=99|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983265-1}}</ref> Karmal became the leader of Afghanistan in his place.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The Karmal era, lasting from 1979 to 1986, is best known for the [[Soviet intervention in Afghanistan|Soviet war effort in Afghanistan]] against [[Mujahideen]] insurgents. The war resulted in large numbers of civilian casualties, as well as millions of refugees who fled into [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. The Fundamental Principles, a constitution, was introduced by the government in April 1980, and several non-PDPA members were allowed into government as part of the government's policy of broadening its support base. Karmal's policies failed to bring peace to the war-ravaged country, and in 1986 he was succeeded as PDPA General Secretary by [[Mohammad Najibullah]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Kakar, Hassan; Kakar, Mohammed|year=1997|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|page=71|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20893-3}}</ref> | |||
=== National Reconciliation === | |||
Najibullah pursued a policy of [[National Reconciliation]] with the opposition, a new Afghan constitution was introduced in 1987 and [[Afghan parliamentary election, 1988|elections were held in 1988]] (which were boycotted by the Mujahideen).<ref>{{Citation|author=Amtstutz, J. Bruce|year=1994|title=Afghanistan: Past and Present|page=152|publisher=DIANE Publishing}}</ref> After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988–1989, the government faced increasing resistance. 1990 proved to be a year of change in Afghan politics: a new constitution was introduced, which stated that Afghanistan was an Islamic republic, and the PDPA was transformed into the Watan Party, which has survived to this day as the Democratic Watan Party. On the military front, the government proved capable of defeating the armed opposition in open battle, as in the Battle of Jalalabad. | |||
=== Fall to Mujahideen === | |||
However, with an aggressive armed opposition, internal difficulties such as a [[1990 Afghan coup attempt|failed coup attempt]] by the Khalq faction in 1990 and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the Najibullah government collapsed in April 1992.<ref>{{Citation|author=Braithwaite, Rodric|year=2011|title=Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|page=296-299|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983265-1}}</ref> | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:53, 30 June 2023
| Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987) دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت (Pashto) جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان (Dari) Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992) د افغانستان جمهوریت (Pashto) جمهوری افغانستان (Dari) | |
|---|---|
| 1978–1992 | |
.svg) Flag
.svg) Coat of arms
| |
.svg) Map of Afghanistan with modern borders | |
| Capital and largest city | Kabul |
| Official languages | Pashto, Dari |
| Religion | Islam (state religion) |
| Government | Unitary Marxist-Leninist socialist republic (1978-1987) Unitary Islamic republic (1987-1992) |
• General Secretary | Mohammad Najibullah (1986-1992; last) |
• Head of State | Mohammad Najibullah (1987-1992; last) |
• Head of Government | Fazal Haq Khaliqyar (1990-1992; last) |
| History | |
| 27-28 April 1978 | |
• Proclaimed | 30 April 1978 |
• Soviet Intervention against the Mujahideen | 27 December 1979 |
• 1987 Loya Jirga | 29-30 November 1987 |
• Soviet withdrawal completed | 15 February 1989 |
• Fall of Kabul | 28 April 1992 |
| HDI (1992) | 0.316 |
| Currency | Afghani (AFA) |
| Calling code | +93 |
| ISO 3166 code | AF |
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA),[a] renamed to the Republic of Afghanistan[b] in 1987, existed from 1978 to 1992, when the socialist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ruled Afghanistan. It fell to reactionary warlords and landlords funded by the CIA.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
Revolution[edit | edit source]
The PDPA came to power following the Saur Revolution, which ousted the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan on 30 April 1978[2]. Daoud was succeeded by Nur Muhammad Taraki as head of state and government. Taraki and Hafizullah Amin, the organiser of the Saur Revolution, introduced several contentious reforms during their rule, the most notable being equal rights to women, universal education and land reform.[3] In July 1978, it abolished all debts caused by feudal usurers.[1]
Khalq–Parcham struggle[edit | edit source]
Soon after taking power, a power struggle began between the Khalq faction led by Taraki and Amin and the Parcham faction led by Babrak Karmal. The Khalqists won and the Parchamists were purged from the party. The most prominent Parcham leaders were exiled to the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union.[4]
After the Khalq–Parcham struggle, a power struggle within the Khalq faction began between Taraki and Amin. Amin won the struggle, and Taraki was killed on his orders.[5] His rule proved unpopular within his own country (due to the reforms mentioned earlier) and in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union intervened, supported by the Afghan government, in December 1979, and on 27 December Amin was assassinated by Soviet military forces.[6] Karmal became the leader of Afghanistan in his place.[6]
The Karmal era, lasting from 1979 to 1986, is best known for the Soviet war effort in Afghanistan against Mujahideen insurgents. The war resulted in large numbers of civilian casualties, as well as millions of refugees who fled into Pakistan and Iran. The Fundamental Principles, a constitution, was introduced by the government in April 1980, and several non-PDPA members were allowed into government as part of the government's policy of broadening its support base. Karmal's policies failed to bring peace to the war-ravaged country, and in 1986 he was succeeded as PDPA General Secretary by Mohammad Najibullah.[7]
National Reconciliation[edit | edit source]
Najibullah pursued a policy of National Reconciliation with the opposition, a new Afghan constitution was introduced in 1987 and elections were held in 1988 (which were boycotted by the Mujahideen).[8] After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988–1989, the government faced increasing resistance. 1990 proved to be a year of change in Afghan politics: a new constitution was introduced, which stated that Afghanistan was an Islamic republic, and the PDPA was transformed into the Watan Party, which has survived to this day as the Democratic Watan Party. On the military front, the government proved capable of defeating the armed opposition in open battle, as in the Battle of Jalalabad.
Fall to Mujahideen[edit | edit source]
However, with an aggressive armed opposition, internal difficulties such as a failed coup attempt by the Khalq faction in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Najibullah government collapsed in April 1992.[9]
Notes[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Mecca' (p. 272). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Urban, Mark (1990). War in Afghanistan: Second Edition (p. 10). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-04255-4
- ↑ Dameyer, Christina (1985-08-06). "In Afghanistan, Soviets find replacing Islam with communism isn't easy" Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2022-03-15.
- ↑ Rasanayagam, Angelo (2005). Afghanistan: A Modern History (pp. 71-73). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1850438571
- ↑ Misdaq, Nabi (2006). Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference (pp. 123-125). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415702058
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989 (p. 99). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983265-1
- ↑ Kakar, Hassan; Kakar, Mohammed (1997). The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 (p. 71). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20893-3
- ↑ Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994). Afghanistan: Past and Present (p. 152). DIANE Publishing.
- ↑ Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989 (pp. 296-299). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983265-1