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| The '''Third International Theory''' was the style of government proposed by [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in the early 1970s, on which his government, the [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]], was officially based. It was partly inspired by Islamic socialism, African nationalism and partly by the principles of direct democracy.<ref name="alter-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.h-alter.org/vijesti/svijet/libijska-dzamahirija-zmedju-proslosti-i-sadasnjosti-1-dio |title=Libijska džamahirija između prošlosti i sadašnjosti - 1. Dio |language=hr |trans-title=Libyan Jamahiriya between past and present - Part 1 |author-first=Ivan |author-last=Iveković |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=H-Alter - Udruga za medijsku kulturu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727021142/https://h-alter.org/vijesti/svijet/libijska-dzamahirija-zmedju-proslosti-i-sadasnjosti-1-dio |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | | [[File:Green Libya flag.png|thumb|Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and also its state ideology, Third Universal Theory.]] |
| | The '''Third International Theory''', also known as '''Third Universal Theory''' or simply the '''Third Theory''', was the [[Scientific socialism|scientific socialist]] style of government proposed by [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in the early 1970s. The theory in practice took form in the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]], which reflected the direct-democratic, socialist and cultural values encased in the ''Green Book''. Third International Theory was intended to usher in an "Era of the Masses," the successor to the "Era of the Republics" which would see the rise of direct-democratic principles as the solution to the contradictions surrounding the issue of governance. During the Libyan cultural revolution, the Higher Council for National Guidance was established to spread and aid the implementation process of Third Universal Theory while people's congresses were first being set up. It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to [[capitalism]] and [[Marxism–Leninism]] for Third World countries, based on his stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid. |
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| It has similarities with the system of Yugoslav municipal self-management in Titoist [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and the Yugoslav Third Way during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as developed by Edvard Kardelj.<ref name="alter-1"/> It was also inspired in part by the "Little Red Book" of [[Mao Zedong Thought|Mao Zedong]] and the [[Three Worlds Theory]].<ref>Harris 1986, p. 58.</ref> It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to [[capitalism]] and [[Marxism–Leninism]] for Third World countries, based on his stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid.
| | ==Characteristics== |
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| The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement this theory, and it found partial realization in Libya, a self-proclaimed utopian model state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hjärpe |first1=Jan |title=Religion and ideology: Mu'ammar al-Kadhdhafi, Islam and the "Third International Theory" |journal=Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis |date=1 August 1976 |volume=9 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.30674/scripta.67108 |url=https://journal.fi/scripta/article/view/67108 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en |issn=2343-4937|doi-access=free }}</ref> The fall of Gaddafi and his death in 2011 led to the disestablishment of his system and its replacement by the National Transitional Council.
| | === Direct democracy === |
| | [[File:Jamahiriya structural chart.jpg|thumb|Chart detailing the structure of the Jamahiriya]] |
| | Third Theory intensely critiques representative forms of governance on the basis that these structures not only isolate representatives from the masses but also limits expression in the parliamentary decision making process due to plebiscites and opportunistic party politics; therefore intensifying contradictions between the state and the masses. The solution to what was coined "the problem of democracy" is thus the establishment of a "state of the masses" or a direct democracy as it represents the fullest political expression of the masses. Gaddafi states that these democracies can only be constructed through voluntary people's congresses and committees comprised of all masses of society; which will then send delegations to the General People's Congress, which is considered a gathering of people's congresses rather than a parliament.<ref name=":0">[http://openanthropology.org/libya/gaddafi-green-book.pdf THE GREEN BOOK]</ref> |
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| ==Doctrine== | | ===Socialism=== |
| The official ideological doctrine is the Third International Theory, described in Gaddafi's "Green Book" (1976–1979). Copies of the "Green Book" were always on sale in Libyan bookstores in many languages prior to the revolution.
| | In the ''Green Book'', Gaddafi argues that among the contradictions between owners and producers, workers and employers; is the issue of wage labor. He then argues that wage labor is slavery as it deprives workers to the rights to their production. The solution the to this is the establishment of an economy built by worker cooperation or "partnerships," in which producers reap the benefits of their production. Gaddafi goes on to state that the final stage of the socialist society is when profit and money will be rendered useless, thus disappearing and making communities fully productive and all material needs will be met.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| The book is a collection of quotes of the Libyan leader, divided into three parts and covering the following vital aspects of existence:
| | === Cultural aspects === |
| | In accordance to direct democratic principles previously outlined the ''Green Book'', Third Universal Theory declares that all laws must be natural, meaning that they reflect the cultural or religious values of society in order to justify them; as otherwise would result in contradictions between the power structure and the masses. Constitutions for example, are denounced as man-made laws that represent the will of the instrument of government and not the masses, as they exist to limit the mobility of the people within the political process.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| Solving the problem of Democracy (People Power);
| | ==In practice== |
| Solving the problem of the economy (Socialism);
| | In the aftermath of the ratification of the Declaration of the Establishment of People's Authority after the end of the construction process of a Jamahiriya society during the cultural revolution, the Libyan state saw the establishment of people's congresses and committees across the country as the sole basis of the legislative and executive processes throughout the country.<ref>[http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/29405/1/FINAL_THESIS_.pdf EXAMINATION OF THE PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS IN LIBYA]</ref> People's congresses were guarded by local people's militia, which were planned to replace the armed forces in accordance to ideological principles that declared defense of society as the duty of the masses. Revolutionary committees were also established within all sectors of Libyan society to safeguard the Great September Revolution and agitate the masses to enhance popular participation.<ref>[https://rcmlibya.wordpress.com/2012/08/16/commentary-on-the-green-book-vol-3-the-struggle-for-power/ Commentary On The Green Book: The Revolutionary Committees]</ref> Until the late 90s, private property was eliminated after businesses were seized by people's congresses and transformed into cooperative enterprises or absorbed by state owned conglomerates.<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/40095358.pdf Corporate Environmental Disclosure in Libya: Evidence and Environmental Determinism Theory]</ref> |
| The public aspect of the "Third International Theory."
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| ===People Power=== | |
| The first part of the "Green Book" is "Solving the problem of democracy: The Authority of the People". This political aspect of the Third International Theory, published in January 1976, rejects traditional forms of democracy such as parliament, political parties, referendums, and outlines the basic principles of direct popular democracy based on the people's congresses and people's committees. The book argues that representative democracy is in fact nothing but a kind of dictatorship.
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| According to the "Green Book", the winner in the struggle for power is always an instrument of government - an individual, party, class; and the loser is always the people, and thus, it is not true democracy. The political struggle often leads to the rise to power of an instrument of government which represents a minority, and that through legal democratic means. Thus, all existing political regimes falsify genuine democracy and are dictatorships.
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| Parliamentarism, according to Gaddafi, is a perverse solution to the problem of democracy. A Parliament can not speak on behalf of the people, because democracy means the rule of the people, not of those who act on its behalf. Methods of electing the parliament can not be considered democratic, because the masses become completely disconnected from the Members of Parliament. The MPs monopolize the power of the masses and the right to decide their business for them. Parliament, in fact, represents not the people, but the party that won the elections. In fact, the people are used by the political forces in the struggle for power. The system of elected parliaments is a demagogic system because votes can be bought and manipulated, that is, parliamentary representation is a fraud. In general, the theory of representative government is, Gaddafi argues, an outdated practice that was invented by philosophers and thinkers at the time when the common folk were ordered about like livestock by their rulers.
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| The party, according to the "Green Book", is a modern tool of dictatorial rule - it is the power of a part over the whole. Parties are established by groups of people to act in their interests, or to impose their views on the public and to establish their ideology on it. The number of parties in a system does not alter the substance of the matter. Moreover, the more numerous the parties are, the more intensive is the power struggle between them, which in turn undermines the programmes geared to benefit the entire society. The interests of society and of its development are sacrificed for the sake of the partisan struggle for power.
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| In addition, parties may be corrupt and can be bribed from the outside and inside. The 'opposition' is not an organ of control over the activities of the people of the ruling party, it only waits for the right moment to take the place of the ruling party at the trough of power. Control is in the hands of the party in power (through Parliament), and power in the hands of the party in control.
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| Gaddafi compares party and clan. In his view, in the struggle for power, the party is no different from a power struggle between tribes and clans. Both types of struggle are portrayed as having a negative and disintegrating effect on society.
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| Referendum is also described as a falsification of democracy. Voters can say only "yes" or "no." The theory states that everyone should be able to justify their desire and the cause of their approval or disapproval. Therefore, to be completely democratic, it is necessary to create such an instrument of government, which would be identical to the entire nation as a whole, rather than to a representative body acting on its behalf.
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| ===People's congresses===
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| Gaddafi offers to create a special hierarchical structure of people's congresses and committees, resulting in a system where "management becomes popular, control becomes popular, and the old definition of democracy as 'control of people over the government' is replaced by its new definition as 'the people's control over itself'."
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| "The only means of people's democracy are the people's congresses. Any other system of government is undemocratic. All existing world systems of government are undemocratic, if they do not adhere to this method of governance. People's congresses are the ultimate goal of the movement of peoples on the path to democracy. People's congresses and people's committees represent the end result of the peoples' struggle for democracy."
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| In the proposed Jamahiriya, the entire population is divided into People's Congresses, which elect the People's Committees, which in turn form the second round of the People's Congresses, which elect the State Committees, which fulfil the function of state administration. Issues considered at the People's Congresses are finally formulated each year at the General People's Congress. Accordingly, the outcomes and decisions of the General Congress are brought to the lower levels in the reverse order.
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| At the General People's Congress, which gathers together the governing bodies of the people's congresses, the people's committees, the trade unions and the professional associations, the most important public issues are discussed and the definitive legislative decisions are made.
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| In the first part of the "Green Book" Gaddafi also lays out his views on freedom of speech. According to him, "a human being, as an individual, should have the freedom of expression, and even if mad, s/he should have the right to freely express his/her madness." Man, as a legal entity, is also free to express themselves as such. In the first case the man represents only himself, in the second—only a group of individuals forming a legal entity.
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| "Society is composed of many individuals and entities. Therefore, if an individual is insane, that does not mean that the rest of society are mad, too. Press is a method of expression of society, not a single person or entity. A newspaper, if owned by an individual, expresses only the views of its owner. The assertion that it represents public opinion is untenable and has no basis, because in reality it expresses the views of an individual, and from the point of view of genuine democracy it is unacceptable that an individual should own the print media and other types of media that provide the public with information."
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| ==Socialism==
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| The second part of the "Green Book"—"The solution of the economic problem (Socialism)"—sets out the economic aspect of the Third International Theory (published on 2 February 1978).
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| This part criticizes wage labor, comparing it with slavery, and proclaims the right of an employee to any product produced by them. A person must work in accordance with their powers and must also be able to satisfy their needs, and all surplus should be directed to the accumulation of social wealth. The accumulation of surplus by one person reduces [the possibility of satisfaction of] the needs of another person, and is therefore unacceptable.[8]
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| In September 1977, Gaddafi put forward as the basis of economic life the principle of "self-government in the economy". In line with this principle, it was envisaged that enterprises should be transferred to the collective management of those who work there. The slogan "Partners, not employees" was given theoretical justification in the second part of the Green Book, and in November of the same year this idea began to be implemented in some industrial enterprises.
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| During the development of his economic ideas, Gaddafi put forward another slogan: "Real Estate—property of its inhabitant." That is, a person living in a house was an owner, not a tenant. In May 1978, a law was passed, whereby renting residential premises was prohibited, and tenants became owners of their rental apartments and houses.
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| With the slogan "Partners, not employees", workers and employees under the leadership of the People's Committees took over businesses and institutions in not only production but also trade, as well as the various services of service. Former owners got compensation and the opportunity to participate in the management of these enterprises, but in "equal partnership with the producers." This campaign was described as a "people's capture" and was a form of elimination of private ownership of business by upper and middle classes.
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| The functioning of the political system of the "Jamahiriya" in the field and especially in production was hampered both by the opposition of the upper classes and by the insufficient preparations for the activities conducted and the inability of the new management staff to manage the economy. This led to discontent and unrest among the population against the political and economic innovations of the Libyan leadership. Some of the Muslim clergy accused Gaddafi of "deviation from the Qur'an."
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| In response, authorities made serious efforts at limiting the influence of the clergy. Gaddafi made a televised public examination of the pro-opposition clergy members on the subject of the Qur'an. According to Gaddafi, he proved that they were unable to answer his questions, and he subsequently used that as a reason to deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.
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| The final result of the economic reforms in the Jamahiriya was meant to be "the achievement of a new socialist society", a stage at which profit and money disappear from society and it becomes fully productive, and production fully meets the material needs of all members of society. At this stage, profits and money were meant to disappear by themselves.
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| Thanks to successful oil exploration starting in 1961, Libya has become a prosperous state with the highest per capita income in Africa. In 1970, oil prices on world markets increased considerably, leading to the accumulation of substantial funds in Libya, as a supplier of oil to western countries. Government revenues from oil exports were to be used to finance urban development and the creation of a modern system of social welfare.
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| At the same time, to improve Libya's international prestige, huge sums were spent on creating a well-equipped modern army. In the Middle East and North Africa, Libya served as a carrier of ideas of Arab nationalism and as an uncompromising enemy of Israel and the United States. The sharp drop in oil prices in mid-1980s and the UN sanctions for harbouring Palestinian separatists (in 1992) led to a significant weakening of Libya. On 12 September 2003 UN Security Council lifted the sanctions imposed in 1992.
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| ==Public aspect of the theory==
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| The third part—the "Public aspect of the Third International Theory" was published on 1 June 1979. This addressed many aspects of life, including women, the education system, sports, and merging the world's languages. In this part a global vision of proper co-existence is presented. The fundamental principles come down to this: every nation should have its own religion, and should recognize the importance of a continuous social chain ("the family—the tribe—the nation—the world," "from the small to the great"). | |
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| According to the "Green Book": "if the national spirit is stronger than the religious spirit, the struggle between different nations, which used to be united in one religion, is amplified, and each of those nations achieves independence, returning to the social structure that is characteristic of it." "A tribe is the same as a family, but one that has increased due to the increased growth of offspring, that is, the tribe is a big family. The Nation is a tribe, but a tribe that has grown as a result of increased offspring, i.e., a nation is a large tribe. The World is a nation but a nation divided into many nations as a result of population growth, i.e., the world is a great nation."
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| "The tribe is the natural social protection of the individual, ensuring his social needs." In Libya, according to accepted social tradition, the tribe collectively provides redemption of its members by collectively paying ransom for them, paying their fines, avenging them and collectively defending them.
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| A special place in the Green Book is reserved for women, their physical build and social role in society:
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| First – "A woman is a human, just like a man is";
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| Second – a woman is an individual of the female sex, whereas a man is an individual of the male sex. In view of this, a woman "has a regular disease in the form of monthly bleeding, but if this does not happen, then she has become pregnant."
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| Third – the tendency to deny a woman her natural role of mother and replace her with nurseries is the beginning of a denial of humane, human society and of its transformation into a biological society, living an artificial life (as a result of this, in Libya, there are no kindergartens, and a woman, once she has given birth to a child, never goes to work again).
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| Fourth – males in the world of plants and animals are by nature strong and rough, whereas women in the world of plants and animals in the world and the world's peoples are by nature beautiful and tender.
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| Accordingly, Gaddafi concluded that "human rights are for everyone—men and women, but the responsibilities are not equal."
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| The issue of language is also addressed: "People will remain underdeveloped, until there is a common language." However, this question can be resolved only through a merging of languages in a series of stages, over several generations, provided that over time these generations lose their inherited traits: "the sensory perceptions, tastes and temperament of their fathers and grandfathers."
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| The Green Book also has an original take on sports and spectacles:
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| "Sport can only be individual, like a prayer";
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| "Mass sport is a social need of the human beings, so it is unacceptable from either a sporting or a democratic point of view to 'subcontract' sport to others [professionals]";
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| "Collective sport is the business of the masses";
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| "Stadiums exist in order to restrict the masses from using sports fields";
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| "Boxing and various kinds of wrestling suggest that humanity has not completely rid itself of the vestiges of barbarism."
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| This approach to sport led to most of Libya's stadiums being open only during military parades, and any kind of wrestling being strictly prohibited.
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| ===Relationship with Islam===
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| In the absence of specific prescriptions for the transformation of society in the so-called "Islamic socialism", Gaddafi constantly made revisions to this theory. Before the "Green Book", Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of official ideology, but the third part of this book, which appeared in the summer of 1979, did not assess its truthfulness on the basis of the precepts of Islam.
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| On the contrary, "the truth" of Islamic provisions themselves was evaluated in terms of their compatibility with the theory. It was declared that the driving force of history was national and social struggle. At the same time, as Gaddafi specified, "if we were to restrict ourselves to the support of Muslims only, that would be an example of bigotry and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims".
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| In the subsequent explanations and comments on the "Green Book", many of its provisions underwent significant revisions while still remaining the basic catechism of ideology in Libya.
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| ==Modification of the theory in Libya==
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| The transformation of Libyan society into Jamahiriya was accompanied by many zigzags and went more slowly than Gaddafi intended. The system that he created may have aroused the Libyan people to political activism, but, as he had to admit, "popular participation in government was not complete".
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| Therefore, at the session of the General People's Congress held in the town of Sirte on 18 November 1992, it was decided to set up a new political structure: this was to initiate the country's transition to the supreme level of democracy - "a Model Jamahiriya". It was about creating, instead of the primary public meetings (People's Congresses), 1500 communes, which are self-guided mini-states within a state, each with full authority within its district, including the allocation of budgetary funds.
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| The need to reorganize the former political system, as explained by Gaddafi, was primarily due to the fact that it had "failed to ensure genuine democracy because of the complexity of the structure, which created a gap between the masses and the leadership, and was characterized by excessive centralization."
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| As a whole, after 1992, the Jamahiriya pursued a policy of building an "Islamic socialist society" dominated by the slogan "Power, wealth and weapons – in the hands of the people!".
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist}} | | {{reflist}} |
| | [[Category:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] |
