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{{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}} | {{External article cleanup|date=November 2021}} | ||
'''Capital strike''' is the practice of the [[bourgeoisie]] withholding capital to achieve some kind of outcome that is favorable to them.<ref>{{ | '''Capital strike''' is the practice of the [[bourgeoisie]] withholding capital to achieve some kind of outcome that is favorable to them.<ref>{{Citation|author=Kevin A. Young, Tarun Banerjee & Michael Schwartz|date=2018|title=Capital strikes as a corporate political strategy: the structural power of business in the Obama Era|journal=Politics & Society|volume=46|issue=1|pages=3–28|doi=10.1177/0032329218755751|issn=0032-3292|via=SAGE Publishing|doi-access=free}}</ref> Capital strikes tend to occur in response to democratic gains which threaten profits, such as [[Strike action|worker strikes]] demanding higher [[Wage|wages]], or government policies such as [[rent control]] or [[nationalization]].<ref>{{Web citation|date=2019|title=Capital strike|url=https://www.shmoop.com/finance-glossary/capital-strike.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311163315/https://www.shmoop.com/finance-glossary/capital-strike.html|archive-date=March 11, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=Shmoop}}</ref> | ||
The term can refer to a capital strike by a single investor<ref>{{ | The term can refer to a capital strike by a single investor<ref>{{Web citation|last=Dane|date=February 20, 2011|title=Foreign Investor Explains Capital Strike Against Chile|url=http://brophyworld.com/foreign-investor-explains-capital-strike-against-chile/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719180111/http://brophyworld.com/foreign-investor-explains-capital-strike-against-chile/|archive-date=2020-07-19|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Brophy World}}</ref> or a large group. Capital strikes are commonly invoked as the business-owner/shareholder equivalent of a [[Strike action|labor strike]], and are often tied to the concept of [[capital flight]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Epstein|first=Gerald A.|title=Capital Flight and Capital Controls in Developing Countries|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=2005|isbn=9781781008058|location=Cheltenham, United Kingdom|pages=6}}</ref>'' Capital strike was originally a derogatory term,<ref>{{Web citation|last=Frank|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Frank|date=April 2013|title=To Galt's Gulch They Go|url=https://thebaffler.com/salvos/to-galts-gulch-they-go|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921120333/https://thebaffler.com/salvos/to-galts-gulch-they-go|archive-date=September 21, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[The Baffler]]}}</ref> but has been used more neutrally in modern politics.<ref>{{Web citation|last=Karlgaard|first=Rich|author-link=Rich Karlgaard|date=December 22, 2008|title=Capital Is On Strike|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/digitalrules/2008/12/22/capital-is-on-strike/#3ee5dded6075|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142931/https://www.forbes.com/sites/digitalrules/2008/12/22/capital-is-on-strike/#3ee5dded6075|archive-date=September 25, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|last=James|first=Frank|date=September 15, 2011|title=Boehner Lobs Supply Side Shell In Fiscal Trench War With Obama|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2011/09/15/140512590/boehner-lobs-supply-side-shell-in-fiscal-trench-war-with-obama|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925172506/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2011/09/15/140512590/boehner-lobs-supply-side-shell-in-fiscal-trench-war-with-obama|archive-date=September 25, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> | ||
==Examples == | ==Examples == | ||
It is difficult to determine with any certainty when a decline in business investment is the result of a "capital strike" against certain policies or a response to other economic factors. Most often, the phrase "capital strike" is used to describe resistance to labor-friendly or [[Left–right political spectrum|left wing]] reforms which are perceived or intended to be against the interests of business owners and investors. | It is difficult to determine with any certainty when a decline in business investment is the result of a "capital strike" against certain policies or a response to other economic factors. Most often, the phrase "capital strike" is used to describe resistance to labor-friendly or [[Left–right political spectrum|left wing]] reforms which are perceived or intended to be against the interests of business owners and investors. | ||
*U.S. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] argued that the [[Recession of 1937]] was caused by a capital strike organized to undermine the [[New Deal]] and his new [[Tax|taxes]] on high incomes.<ref name="A Financial History of the United States">{{ | *U.S. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] argued that the [[Recession of 1937]] was caused by a capital strike organized to undermine the [[New Deal]] and his new [[Tax|taxes]] on high incomes.<ref name="A Financial History of the United States">{{Citation|last=Markham|first=Jerry|title=A Financial History of the United States|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|year=2002|isbn=9780765607300|volume=II|pages=234|author-link=Jerry Markham}}</ref> | ||
*In December 1978, banks financing the debt of the city of Cleveland, [[Ohio]] engaged in a capital strike by refusing to roll over the city's municipal debt when the Mayor, [[Dennis Kucinich]], refused to sell the publicly owned electric company, the Cleveland Municipal Light Plant.<ref>{{ | *In December 1978, banks financing the debt of the city of Cleveland, [[Ohio]] engaged in a capital strike by refusing to roll over the city's municipal debt when the Mayor, [[Dennis Kucinich]], refused to sell the publicly owned electric company, the Cleveland Municipal Light Plant.<ref>{{Web citation|title=History|url=https://www.cpp.org/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930152032/https://www.cpp.org/history|archive-date=September 30, 2020|access-date=August 23, 2020|website=[[Cleveland Public Power]]}}</ref> Cleveland would later enter default. | ||
*French President [[François Mitterrand]] is said to have faced a capital strike<ref name=":0">{{ | *French President [[François Mitterrand]] is said to have faced a capital strike<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Devine|first=James|date=Fall 1989|title=Paradigms as Ideologies: Liberal vs. Marxian Economics|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=47-3|issue=3|pages=305|jstor=29769465}}</ref> when capital fled [[French Republic|France]] following the 1982 nationalization of a large number of private firms and other labor market reforms.<ref name="French Lessons">{{Web citation|last=Eaton|first=George|author-link=George Eaton (journalist)|date=October 7, 2017|title=French lessons: what Corbyn can learn from Mitterrand's mistakes|work=[[New Statesman]]|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/10/french-lessons-what-corbyn-can-learn-mitterrands-mistakes|url-status=live|access-date=February 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021442/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/10/french-lessons-what-corbyn-can-learn-mitterrands-mistakes|archive-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref> | ||
*Chilean President [[Salvador Allende]] is said to have faced a capital strike<ref name=":0" /> when investment fell after his election as he was the leader of a left-wing coalition that proposed large-scale nationalizations and far-reaching economic reforms.<ref>{{ | *Chilean President [[Salvador Allende]] is said to have faced a capital strike<ref name=":0" /> when investment fell after his election as he was the leader of a left-wing coalition that proposed large-scale nationalizations and far-reaching economic reforms.<ref>{{Web citation|date=January 29, 2021|title=Salvador Allende|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Salvador-Allende|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211200858/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Salvador-Allende|archive-date=February 11, 2021|access-date=March 14, 2019|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref> | ||
*U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] was sometimes said to have faced a capital strike during the [[Great Recession]], including then Speaker of the House [[John Boehner]] saying that "job creators in [[United States of America|America]] are on strike" in response to uncertainty over the Obama administration's economic policies.<ref name="Chiang">{{ | *U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] was sometimes said to have faced a capital strike during the [[Great Recession]], including then Speaker of the House [[John Boehner]] saying that "job creators in [[United States of America|America]] are on strike" in response to uncertainty over the Obama administration's economic policies.<ref name="Chiang">{{Web citation|last=Chiang|first=Lulu|date=September 15, 2011|title=Boehner: Job Creators in America are 'On Strike'|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/44536913|url-status=live|access-date=February 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920185450/https://www.cnbc.com/id/44536913|archive-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref> | ||
*A February 2021 article in the [[Socialism|socialist]] magazine ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' argued that companies such as [[Amazon.com, Inc.|Amazon]], [[Kroger]], [[Lyft]], and [[Uber]] were threatening to use capital strikes during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. As examples, they pointed out Uber and Lyft threatening to cease operations in [[California]] if [[California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)|California Assembly Bill 5]] were enforced and Kroger announcing they would close two stores in Long Beach, California after the city council passed an ordinance requiring grocery stores to increase pay for their workers during the pandemic.<ref>{{ | *A February 2021 article in the [[Socialism|socialist]] magazine ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' argued that companies such as [[Amazon.com, Inc.|Amazon]], [[Kroger]], [[Lyft]], and [[Uber]] were threatening to use capital strikes during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. As examples, they pointed out Uber and Lyft threatening to cease operations in [[California]] if [[California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)|California Assembly Bill 5]] were enforced and Kroger announcing they would close two stores in Long Beach, California after the city council passed an ordinance requiring grocery stores to increase pay for their workers during the pandemic.<ref>{{Web citation|last=Press|first=Alex N.|date=February 15, 2021|title=At Kroger and Amazon, Capital Is Going on the Offensive|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2021/02/capital-strike-kroger-amazon-long-beach-dch1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218112347/https://jacobinmag.com/2021/02/capital-strike-kroger-amazon-long-beach-dch1|archive-date=February 18, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
==Impacts== | ==Impacts== | ||
Capital strikes have historically impacted economies and governments in a variety of ways and provoked a variety of responses. | Capital strikes have historically impacted economies and governments in a variety of ways and provoked a variety of responses. | ||
*The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] administration took an aggressive stance in response to the recession and alleged capital strike. Roosevelt railed publicly against monopoly business interests,<ref>{{ | *The [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] administration took an aggressive stance in response to the recession and alleged capital strike. Roosevelt railed publicly against monopoly business interests,<ref>{{Citation|last=Freyer|first=Tom|title=Antitrust and Global Capitalism|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1139455589|location=Cambridge|pages=59}}</ref> and signed into law a total of $3.75 billion worth of new congressionally allocated government spending to be divided among government recovery agencies, which helped spur economic rehabilitation.<ref>{{Web citation|date=August 19, 2010|title=Roosevelt Recession|url=http://rooseveltinstitute.org/roosevelt-recession/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620003413/http://rooseveltinstitute.org/roosevelt-recession/|archive-date=June 20, 2019|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[Roosevelt Institute]]}}</ref> | ||
*Disinvestment and international market pressures forced the Mitterrand government to reverse course on economic policy, making significant cuts to public spending, raising individual taxes, and setting a hard ceiling on deficit spending.<ref name="French Lessons" /> | *Disinvestment and international market pressures forced the Mitterrand government to reverse course on economic policy, making significant cuts to public spending, raising individual taxes, and setting a hard ceiling on deficit spending.<ref name="French Lessons" /> | ||
*While the capital strike, often manifested through the intentional under-production of necessity goods, damaged Salvador Allende's government,<ref>{{ | *While the capital strike, often manifested through the intentional under-production of necessity goods, damaged Salvador Allende's government,<ref>{{Citation|last=Brown|first=Kendall W.|date=2019|title=Chilean Military Overthrows Allende|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=ers&AN=89314121&site=eds-live&scope=site|journal=Salem Press Encyclopedia}}</ref> it maintained significant popular support among working class [[Republic of Chile|Chileans]]<ref>{{Citation|last1=Navia|first1=Patricio|last2=Osorio|first2=Rodrigo|date=2017|title='Make the Economy Scream'? Economic, Ideological and Social Determinants of Support for Salvador Allende in Chile|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022216X17000037/type/journal_article|journal=[[Journal of Latin American Studies]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=49|issue=4|pages=771–797|doi=10.1017/S0022216X17000037}}</ref> until it was overthrown in a [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 U.S. supported coup]] that put in place a more business-friendly Military Junta lead by General [[Augusto Pinochet]]. | ||
*Under pressure from large firms withholding investment, the Obama administration pursued several pro-business reconciliation initiatives such as cutting corporate tax rates, pursuing free trade deals, and limiting government regulation''''',<ref>{{ | *Under pressure from large firms withholding investment, the Obama administration pursued several pro-business reconciliation initiatives such as cutting corporate tax rates, pursuing free trade deals, and limiting government regulation''''',<ref>{{Web citation|last=Williamson|first=Elizabeth|date=December 11, 2010|title=Obama Woos CEOs as Frictions Ease|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703518604576013194238316636|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325205908/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703518604576013194238316636|archive-date=March 25, 2015|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Web citation|last1=Young|first1=Kevin|last2=Schwartz|first2=Michael|last3=Banerjee|first3=Tarun|date=February 3, 2017|title=When Capitalists Go on Strike|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/02/capital-strike-regulations-lending-productivity-economy-banks-bailout|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129174221/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/02/capital-strike-regulations-lending-productivity-economy-banks-bailout|archive-date=November 29, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]}}</ref>''''' but still signed into law [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act|mild financial regulations]], the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act]], and the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]]. | ||
== Conditions under which capital strikes are effective== | == Conditions under which capital strikes are effective== | ||
Given that capital strikes have succeeded or failed in a variety of situations, predicting what conditions favor them is particularly difficult. Some have put forward that [[capital control]]s are one key method by which governments can mitigate the effectiveness of disinvestment and capital flight,<ref name="French Lessons" /><ref>{{ | Given that capital strikes have succeeded or failed in a variety of situations, predicting what conditions favor them is particularly difficult. Some have put forward that [[capital control]]s are one key method by which governments can mitigate the effectiveness of disinvestment and capital flight,<ref name="French Lessons" /><ref>{{Web citation|last=Panitch|first=Leo|author-link=Leo Panitch|date=January 21, 2014|title=Syriza Succeeds in Greece by Challenging European Social Democrats' Approach to Reform|url=https://therealnews.com/stories/lpanitch0121capitalism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120134054/https://therealnews.com/lpanitch0121capitalism|archive-date=January 20, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=[[The Real News]]}}</ref> but their usefulness has been disputed.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hartwell|first=Christopher|date=July 3, 2015|title=Capital Controls Hinder Needed Reform|url=https://www.academia.edu/13587427|journal=[[Handelsblatt]]|issue=211}}</ref> The effectiveness of modern purported capital strikes in [[Hellenic Republic|Greece]] and [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]] have been attributed to the sheer size and reach of the financial firms involved.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
A capital strike is the premise of [[Ayn Rand]]'s novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]''. | A capital strike is the premise of [[Ayn Rand]]'s novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]''. | ||
Latest revision as of 01:48, 19 March 2023
 | Some parts of this article were copied from external sources and may contain errors or lack of appropriate formatting. You can help improve this article by editing it and cleaning it up. (November 2021) |
Capital strike is the practice of the bourgeoisie withholding capital to achieve some kind of outcome that is favorable to them.[1] Capital strikes tend to occur in response to democratic gains which threaten profits, such as worker strikes demanding higher wages, or government policies such as rent control or nationalization.[2]
The term can refer to a capital strike by a single investor[3] or a large group. Capital strikes are commonly invoked as the business-owner/shareholder equivalent of a labor strike, and are often tied to the concept of capital flight.[4] Capital strike was originally a derogatory term,[5] but has been used more neutrally in modern politics.[6][7]
Examples[edit | edit source]
It is difficult to determine with any certainty when a decline in business investment is the result of a "capital strike" against certain policies or a response to other economic factors. Most often, the phrase "capital strike" is used to describe resistance to labor-friendly or left wing reforms which are perceived or intended to be against the interests of business owners and investors.
- U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt argued that the Recession of 1937 was caused by a capital strike organized to undermine the New Deal and his new taxes on high incomes.[8]
- In December 1978, banks financing the debt of the city of Cleveland, Ohio engaged in a capital strike by refusing to roll over the city's municipal debt when the Mayor, Dennis Kucinich, refused to sell the publicly owned electric company, the Cleveland Municipal Light Plant.[9] Cleveland would later enter default.
- French President François Mitterrand is said to have faced a capital strike[10] when capital fled France following the 1982 nationalization of a large number of private firms and other labor market reforms.[11]
- Chilean President Salvador Allende is said to have faced a capital strike[10] when investment fell after his election as he was the leader of a left-wing coalition that proposed large-scale nationalizations and far-reaching economic reforms.[12]
- U.S. President Barack Obama was sometimes said to have faced a capital strike during the Great Recession, including then Speaker of the House John Boehner saying that "job creators in America are on strike" in response to uncertainty over the Obama administration's economic policies.[13]
- A February 2021 article in the socialist magazine Jacobin argued that companies such as Amazon, Kroger, Lyft, and Uber were threatening to use capital strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic. As examples, they pointed out Uber and Lyft threatening to cease operations in California if California Assembly Bill 5 were enforced and Kroger announcing they would close two stores in Long Beach, California after the city council passed an ordinance requiring grocery stores to increase pay for their workers during the pandemic.[14]
Impacts[edit | edit source]
Capital strikes have historically impacted economies and governments in a variety of ways and provoked a variety of responses.
- The Roosevelt administration took an aggressive stance in response to the recession and alleged capital strike. Roosevelt railed publicly against monopoly business interests,[15] and signed into law a total of $3.75 billion worth of new congressionally allocated government spending to be divided among government recovery agencies, which helped spur economic rehabilitation.[16]
- Disinvestment and international market pressures forced the Mitterrand government to reverse course on economic policy, making significant cuts to public spending, raising individual taxes, and setting a hard ceiling on deficit spending.[11]
- While the capital strike, often manifested through the intentional under-production of necessity goods, damaged Salvador Allende's government,[17] it maintained significant popular support among working class Chileans[18] until it was overthrown in a 1973 U.S. supported coup that put in place a more business-friendly Military Junta lead by General Augusto Pinochet.
- Under pressure from large firms withholding investment, the Obama administration pursued several pro-business reconciliation initiatives such as cutting corporate tax rates, pursuing free trade deals, and limiting government regulation,[19][20] but still signed into law mild financial regulations, the Affordable Care Act, and the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
Conditions under which capital strikes are effective[edit | edit source]
Given that capital strikes have succeeded or failed in a variety of situations, predicting what conditions favor them is particularly difficult. Some have put forward that capital controls are one key method by which governments can mitigate the effectiveness of disinvestment and capital flight,[11][21] but their usefulness has been disputed.[22] The effectiveness of modern purported capital strikes in Greece and Venezuela have been attributed to the sheer size and reach of the financial firms involved.[20]
In popular culture[edit | edit source]
A capital strike is the premise of Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Kevin A. Young, Tarun Banerjee & Michael Schwartz (2018). Capital strikes as a corporate political strategy: the structural power of business in the Obama Era. Politics & Society, vol.46 (pp. 3–28). SAGE Publishing. ISSN 0032-3292 doi: 10.1177/0032329218755751 [HUB]
- ↑ "Capital strike" (2019). Shmoop. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021.
- ↑ "Foreign Investor Explains Capital Strike Against Chile" (February 20, 2011). Brophy World. Archived from the original on 2020-07-19.
- ↑ Capital Flight and Capital Controls in Developing Countries (2005) (p. 6). Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781781008058
- ↑ "To Galt's Gulch They Go" (April 2013). The Baffler. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
- ↑ "Capital Is On Strike" (December 22, 2008). Forbes. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Boehner Lobs Supply Side Shell In Fiscal Trench War With Obama" (September 15, 2011). NPR. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020.
- ↑ A Financial History of the United States, vol. II (2002). M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765607300
- ↑ "History". Cleveland Public Power. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Paradigms as Ideologies: Liberal vs. Marxian Economics (Fall 1989). Review of Social Economy, vol.47-3 (p. 305).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "French lessons: what Corbyn can learn from Mitterrand's mistakes" (October 7, 2017). Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
- ↑ "Salvador Allende" (January 29, 2021). Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
- ↑ "Boehner: Job Creators in America are 'On Strike'" (September 15, 2011). Archived from the original on September 20, 2020.
- ↑ "At Kroger and Amazon, Capital Is Going on the Offensive" (February 15, 2021). Jacobin. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021.
- ↑ Antitrust and Global Capitalism (2016) (p. 59). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139455589
- ↑ "Roosevelt Recession" (August 19, 2010). Roosevelt Institute. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019.
- ↑ Chilean Military Overthrows Allende (2019). Salem Press Encyclopedia.
- ↑ 'Make the Economy Scream'? Economic, Ideological and Social Determinants of Support for Salvador Allende in Chile (2017). Journal of Latin American Studies, vol.49 (pp. 771–797). Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X17000037 [HUB]
- ↑ "Obama Woos CEOs as Frictions Ease" (December 11, 2010). The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "When Capitalists Go on Strike" (February 3, 2017). Jacobin. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020.
- ↑ "Syriza Succeeds in Greece by Challenging European Social Democrats' Approach to Reform" (January 21, 2014). The Real News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021.
- ↑ Capital Controls Hinder Needed Reform (July 3, 2015). Handelsblatt.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Employers Threaten Walkout Chosun Ilbo February 9, 2006