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Deng Xiaoping Theory was formulated by the "Architect of Reform" Deng Xiao Ping to better account for the socioeconomic conditions of China during the time period of him being party chairman.[1]
The 4 Cardinal Principles
The Four Cardinal Principles (simplified Chinese: 四项基本原则; traditional Chinese: 四項基本原則; pinyin: Sì-xiàng Jīběn Yuánzé) were stated by Deng Xiaoping in March 1979, during the early phase of Reform and Opening-up, and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the People's Republic of China. The Four Cardinal Principles were one of Deng's Two Basic Points, the other of which was Reform and Opening[2]
The principles include:
- The principle of upholding the communist path
- The principle of upholding the people's democratic dictatorship
- The principle of upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
- The principle of upholding Mao Zedong Thought and Marxism–Leninism[2]
The purpose of stating the Four Cardinal Principles was to ensure ideological drift would not occur within the Party. Using the Four Cardinal Principles to uphold the Four Modernizations. Setting forth the Four Cardinal Principles would prevent the Ultra-Leftist errors that was set forth through the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution under the Gang of Four and ensuring the Vanguard status of the Communist Party of China. This is necessary for any socialist project, that building up the productive forces was necessary for the liberation of humanity:
" [I]t is only possible to achieve real liberation in the real world and by employing real means, that slavery cannot be abolished without the steam-engine and the mule and spinning-jenny, serfdom cannot be abolished without improved agriculture, and that, in general, people cannot be liberated as long as they are unable to obtain food and drink, housing and clothing in adequate quality and quantity. “Liberation” is an historical and not a mental act, and it is brought about by historical conditions, the development of industry, commerce, agriculture, the conditions of intercourse..."[3]
The 4 Modernizations
The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) namely the modernization of agriculture, science and technology, defense and industry, are the national strategic goals proposed by the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China from the 1950s to the 1960s.[4] Zhou Enlai first put forward the concept of "four modernizations" in the "Government Work Report " made at the First Session of the Third National People's Congress in September 1954. At the beginning of reform and opening up , Deng Xiaoping allowed the "four modernizations" to become the focus of the work of the party and the government.[4] This caused him to further propose "Xiaokang" or "Moderately Prosperous Society" in 1979.[5]
Moderately Prosperous Society
Moderately prosperous society or Xiaokang society (Chinese: 小康社会; pinyin: Xiǎokāng Shèhuì), is a Chinese term, originally of Confucianism, used to describe a society composed of a functional middle-class. In December 1979, Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China, first proposed the idea of "Xiaokang" based on the "Four Modernizations".[6]
A well-off society is not a general and vague statement. He Keng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics, said in an interview that in 1991, the National Bureau of Statistics and researchers from 12 departments including planning, finance, health, and education were formed. In accordance with the connotation of a well-off society proposed by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, 16 basic monitoring indicators and the critical value of a well-off society were established.[7]
1) The per capita GDP is 2,500 RMB (At 1980 prices and exchange rates, 2,500 yuan is equivalent to $900)
(2) Urban per capita disposable income of 2,400 RMB
(3) The per capita net income of farmers is 1,200 RMB
(4) The per capita usable area of urban housing is 12 square meters
(5) The per capita usable area of rural steel-wood structure housing is 15 square meters;
(6) The per capita daily protein intake is 75 grams;
(7) Each person in the city has a paving area of 8 square meters;
(8) 85% of rural administrative villages are connected to roads;
(9) An Engel coefficient of 50%;
(10) The adult literacy rate is 85%;
(11) The average life expectancy is 70 years old
(12) Infant mortality rate is at 3.1%
(13) The proportion of education and entertainment expenditure is 11%
(14) TV penetration rate is 100%;
(15) The forest coverage rate is 15%;
(16) 100% of rural primary health care counties are qualified
At the meeting celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China , Xi Jinping declared, “We have achieved the first century-old goal and built a moderately prosperous society in all respects on the land of China”. Thus the goal of a Moderately Prosperous Society has been met. [8]
Reform and Opening Up
Reform and opening-up (Chinese: 改革开放; pinyin: Gǎigé kāifàng) was proposed and founded by Deng Xiaoping , the second-generation paramount leader of the People's Republic of China . It was a series of economic-oriented reform measures that were implemented after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on December 18, 1978. It can be summarized as "Reform internally and open externally" [9]
From 1978 to the present, the People's Republic of China has transformed from an isolated country with 200 million people living below the poverty line into a prosperous economy and the second largest economy in the world with an active market. China is also advancing rapidly on the road to industrialization, becoming the "world's factory", an important manufacturing nation, and the largest consumer market in the world. After 40 years of reform and opening up, China's national power has been greatly enhanced . The value exceeds 17.7 trillion U.S. dollars, with a population of 1.4 billion. The per capita GDP increased from US$115 in 1978 to US$12,551 in 2021, reaching the income level of an upper-middle-level country . The per capita GDP of some eastern provinces and cities has exceeded US$20,000. [10] [11]
See also
Further Reading
- ↑ Zhang Wei Wei (1966). Ideology and economic reform under Deng Xiaoping, 1978–1993.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles, Deng Xiao Ping, 1979
- ↑ Karl Marx (1846). The German Ideology: 'Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 How did the "Four Modernizations" come about? - People's Daily Online.
- ↑ What is the meaning of "moderately prosperous society" proposed by Deng Xiaoping? - People's Daily Online
- ↑ From "well-off" to "all-round well-off "- A discussion on the formation and development of Deng Xiaoping's theory of well-off society - People's Daily
- ↑ In a large developing country with a population of more than 1.2 billion, people's lives have generally reached a moderately prosperous level. In the new century, we will build a well-off society in an all-round way on this basis. What does it look like to be well-off in an all-round way—Interview with He Keng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics.
- ↑ Xi Jinping solemnly declared: build a moderately prosperous society in all respects! - Chinanews
- ↑ Deng Xiaoping and the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China - People's Daily Online
- ↑ Andre. Will China's economy overtake the United States . Fabi
- ↑ In 2019, China's GDP was nearly 100 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1% . Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China . " People's Daily "