Dictatorship without a dictator

The phrase "dictatorship without a dictator" has been used (sometimes misleadingly) to refer to:

• China under the Hu–Wen Administration
• Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Modern-day Iraq
• Russia under Boris Yeltsin
• Sri Lanka under Maithripala Sirisena
• Syria under Bashar al-Assad
• The Second Polish Republic after the death of Józef Piłsudski
• The Second Portuguese Republic
• The Spanish State after the death of Francisco Franco
• The United States of America
• The Weimar Republic under the governance of Paul von Hindenburg, Heinrich Brüning, and Wilhelm Groener
• Yugoslavia under Paul Karađorđević