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{{Infobox political party|name=Irish Republican Army|native_name=Óglaigh na hÉireann|logo=Starry Plough.png|founded=1919|logo_size=200|caption=Starry Plough|predecessor=[[Irish Volunteer Army]]}} | {{Infobox political party|name=Irish Republican Army|native_name=Óglaigh na hÉireann|logo=Starry Plough.png|founded=1919|logo_size=200|caption=Starry Plough|predecessor=[[Irish Volunteer Army]]}} | ||
The '''Irish Republican Army''' ('''IRA''') is | The '''Irish Republican Army''' ('''IRA''') is the name of several [[Irish Republican]] paramilitary groups in [[Ireland]] that have existed in various forms since 1919. | ||
== History == | |||
In 1919, after the founding of the First Dail one year earlier and the beginning of the Irish Revolution against the United Kingdom, the IRA was founded. At that point the IRA was small and poorly equipped, so it relied on guerilla tactics.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=National Army Museum|title=Irish War of Independence|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/irish-war-independence}}</ref> | |||
After the Anglo-Irish treaty was ratified in 1922, the IRA split between the Pro-Treaty IRA, which later became the military of the Republic of Ireland, and the Anti-Treaty IRA, which maintained its goal of an entirely independent and united Ireland. This split resulted in the Irish Civil War, which ended in 1923.<ref>{{Web citation|author=MÍCHEÁL MAC DONNCHA|newspaper=An Poblacht|title=The IRA Convention of March 1922|date=2022-3-25|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/28296}}</ref> | |||
Following the end of the civil war, the Anti-Treaty IRA, from this point just called the IRA as the Pro-Treaty IRA had been absorbed into Ireland's army, was driven underground and acted sporadically in small, mostly unsuccessful campaigns, such as the S-Plan in 1939 and 2 border campaigns in 1940 and 1956.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Mike Thomson|newspaper=BBC|title=How De Valera asked UK to smear IRA chief Sean Russell|date=2011-3-28|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-12848272|quote=Tensions came to a head when the IRA began bombing Britain in early 1939. | |||
Under what was called the Sabotage or S-Plan, British cities including London, Manchester, Birmingham and Coventry were targeted by IRA explosive teams.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Matt Treacy|year=2011|title=The IRA 1956-69: Rethinking the Republic|title-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jckh|pdf=https://www.libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=820BB6949D14AE16B090C2DC89506851}}</ref> | |||
In 1969, the IRA split again, this time between the [[Official IRA]], a [[Marxist-Leninist]] and [[Reformism|Electoralist]] group, with its political wing being Official Sinn Fein, later Sinn Fein-Workers party or just The Workers Party which mostly ceased its armed actions in 1974, and the [[Socialist]] and [[Abstentionism|Abstentionist]] [[Provisional IRA]], with its political wing as Provisional Sinn Fein, commonly just called Sinn Fein, which became the largest and most well known iteration of the Irish Republican Army.<ref>{{Web citation|author=MÍCHEÁL MAC DONNCHA|newspaper=An Poblacht|title=The Republican Movement split of 1969/1970|date=2020-1-9|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/27727}}</ref> | |||
1969 was also the year that [[The Troubles]] erupted in [[Northern Ireland]], with a violent reaction by Protestants to the Irish Catholic Civil Rights Movement and the subsequent deployment of British troops to Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Matt Collins|newspaper=Jacobin|title=A Movement for Civil Rights Underpinned Republicanism in Northern Ireland|date=2020-5-22|url=https://jacobin.com/2020/05/one-mans-terrorist-daniel-finn-review-ira}}</ref> The Troubles caused the resurgence of the IRA and Republicanism in general, and during this time Socialism and Communism, which has already been part of Republicanism, became inseparable from it.<ref>{{Citation|author=Jim Lane|year=1989|title=The Republican Movement and Socialism, 1950-70|title-url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ireland/repub-socialism.pdf|pdf=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ireland/repub-socialism.pdf|mia=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ireland/repub-socialism.pdf}}</ref> | |||
The Provisional and Official IRA both experienced several splits during this time, first with the Irish National Liberation Army and its political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party emerging after the Official IRA ceasefire.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Sean Matgamma|newspaper=Workers Liberty|title=Left Wing Urban Guerrillas in Ireland: the Irish National Liberation Army's Bloody Feud and the Saor Eire episode|date=2010-11-21|url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2010-11-21/left-wing-urban-guerrillas-ireland-irish-national-liberation-armys-bloody-feud-and}}</ref> In 1986 the Republican Sinn Fein and its military wing Continuity IRA split from the Provisional's after Provisional Sinn Fein's adoption of electoralism with the Ballot Box and Armalite strategy.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Republican Sinn Fein|title=About Us|url=https://republicansinnfein.org/about-us/}}</ref> During the Northern Ireland Peace Talks, the Real IRA, opposed to the talks, began in 1997.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CNN|title=Profile: The Real IRA|date=2001-8-3|url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/03/london.blast.realira/index.html}}</ref> | |||
== Goals == | == Goals == | ||
Revision as of 23:01, 24 March 2024
Irish Republican Army Óglaigh na hÉireann | |
|---|---|
 Starry Plough | |
| Founded | 1919 |
| Preceded by | Irish Volunteer Army |
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is the name of several Irish Republican paramilitary groups in Ireland that have existed in various forms since 1919.
History
In 1919, after the founding of the First Dail one year earlier and the beginning of the Irish Revolution against the United Kingdom, the IRA was founded. At that point the IRA was small and poorly equipped, so it relied on guerilla tactics.[1]
After the Anglo-Irish treaty was ratified in 1922, the IRA split between the Pro-Treaty IRA, which later became the military of the Republic of Ireland, and the Anti-Treaty IRA, which maintained its goal of an entirely independent and united Ireland. This split resulted in the Irish Civil War, which ended in 1923.[2]
Following the end of the civil war, the Anti-Treaty IRA, from this point just called the IRA as the Pro-Treaty IRA had been absorbed into Ireland's army, was driven underground and acted sporadically in small, mostly unsuccessful campaigns, such as the S-Plan in 1939 and 2 border campaigns in 1940 and 1956.[3][4]
In 1969, the IRA split again, this time between the Official IRA, a Marxist-Leninist and Electoralist group, with its political wing being Official Sinn Fein, later Sinn Fein-Workers party or just The Workers Party which mostly ceased its armed actions in 1974, and the Socialist and Abstentionist Provisional IRA, with its political wing as Provisional Sinn Fein, commonly just called Sinn Fein, which became the largest and most well known iteration of the Irish Republican Army.[5]
1969 was also the year that The Troubles erupted in Northern Ireland, with a violent reaction by Protestants to the Irish Catholic Civil Rights Movement and the subsequent deployment of British troops to Northern Ireland.[6] The Troubles caused the resurgence of the IRA and Republicanism in general, and during this time Socialism and Communism, which has already been part of Republicanism, became inseparable from it.[7]
The Provisional and Official IRA both experienced several splits during this time, first with the Irish National Liberation Army and its political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party emerging after the Official IRA ceasefire.[8] In 1986 the Republican Sinn Fein and its military wing Continuity IRA split from the Provisional's after Provisional Sinn Fein's adoption of electoralism with the Ballot Box and Armalite strategy.[9] During the Northern Ireland Peace Talks, the Real IRA, opposed to the talks, began in 1997.[10]
Goals
According to the Green Book, the IRA's strategy has five parts:[11]
- A war of attrition to cause as many British casualties as possible
- A bombing campaign to make British investment and financial activities in Ireland unprofitable
- To make the occupied six counties ungovernable except by colonial military rule
- To gain support for Irish republicanism through propaganda and publicity campaigns
- To punish criminals, pro-British collaborators, and informers
References
- ↑ "Irish War of Independence". National Army Museum.
- ↑ MÍCHEÁL MAC DONNCHA (2022-3-25). "The IRA Convention of March 1922" An Poblacht.
- ↑ “Tensions came to a head when the IRA began bombing Britain in early 1939.
Under what was called the Sabotage or S-Plan, British cities including London, Manchester, Birmingham and Coventry were targeted by IRA explosive teams.”
Mike Thomson (2011-3-28). "How De Valera asked UK to smear IRA chief Sean Russell" BBC. - ↑ Matt Treacy (2011). The IRA 1956-69: Rethinking the Republic. [PDF]
- ↑ MÍCHEÁL MAC DONNCHA (2020-1-9). "The Republican Movement split of 1969/1970" An Poblacht.
- ↑ Matt Collins (2020-5-22). "A Movement for Civil Rights Underpinned Republicanism in Northern Ireland" Jacobin.
- ↑ Jim Lane (1989). The Republican Movement and Socialism, 1950-70. [PDF] [MIA]
- ↑ Sean Matgamma (2010-11-21). "Left Wing Urban Guerrillas in Ireland: the Irish National Liberation Army's Bloody Feud and the Saor Eire episode" Workers Liberty.
- ↑ "About Us". Republican Sinn Fein.
- ↑ "Profile: The Real IRA" (2001-8-3). CNN.
- ↑ Martin Melaugh (1977). Text of Irish Republican Army (IRA) 'Green Book' (Book I and II): 'Guerrilla Strategy'.