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'''Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi''' (1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as '''Colonel Gaddafi''', was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the [[Libyan Arab Republic]] from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 2011. He was initially ideologically committed to [[Arab nationalism]] and [[Arab socialism]] but later ruled according to his own [[Third International Theory]].
{{Infobox revolutionary
| honorific_prefix = Colonel
| image = File:Muammar Gaddadfi.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| name=Muammar Gaddafi| native_name= معمر القذافي
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Portrait of Colonel Gaddafi
| nationality = [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libyan]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|6|7}}
| birth_place = Sirte, Italian Libya
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|10|20|1942|6|7}}
| death_place = Sirte, [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]]
| death_cause = Assasination
| political_line = [[Third International Theory]]<br>[[Arab socialism]]<br>[[African socialism]]<br>[[Pan-Africanism]]
| political_party=[[Arab Socialist Union]] (1969–1977)<br> Independent (1977–2011)
}}


== Conditions of Libya under Gaddafi ==
'''Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi''' (7 June 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as '''Colonel Gaddafi''', was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He governed [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]] initially as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) from 1969 to 1977, before serving as Secretary General of the General People's Congress until 1979. After resigning his post to be succeeded by [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]], Gaddafi would spend the rest of his career outside of the decision making framework of the Libyan Jamahiriya as Brotherly Leader of the Great September Revolution, an honorific title which only served ideological and ceremonial purposes.<ref>Abuagela M. Ahmed (2012-12-05) [http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/29405/1/FINAL_THESIS_.pdf "Examination of the public policy process in Libya"] ''University of Salford''. Retrieved 2023-3-17</ref> Initially ideologically committed to [[Nasserism]], Gaddafi's commitment would later evolve according to his own [[Third International Theory]].
Gaddafi sought to transform Libya into a new [[socialist state]] called a ''[[Jamahiriya]]'' ("state of the masses") in 1977. Libya was heralded by foreign press as "the Switzerland of Africa"<ref>https://www.rt.com/news/interview-libya-nato-intrusion-127/


</ref> and was a popular destination for migrant workers seeking a strong economy to participate in.<ref>https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/once-destination-migrants-post-gaddafi-libya-has-gone-transit-route-containment</ref> The following is a list of some basic facts about Libya under Gaddafi.<ref name=":0">https://newsrescue.com/gaddaffis-last-formal-speech-people-libya/</ref>
==Pan-Africanism==
On the 16th of March, 2016 [[WikiLeaks]] published an archive of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s emails containing information confirming the conspiracy by the US and French Governments to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi based on his desire to develop a "pan-African" currency. In an email to Clinton titled, "France's client & Qaddafi's gold" Sidney Blumenthal describes Gaddafi's intentions to develop a "pan-African" dollar based on the Libyan Dinar and the concerns raised by France's government in relation.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=WikiLeaks|title=France's client & Qaddafi's gold|date=2011-04-01|url=https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124101521/https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659|archive-date=2023-01-24|retrieved=2023-01-24}}</ref>
<div style="width: 80%">{{Quote
|The gold was accumulated prior to the current rebellion and was intended to be used to establish a pan-African currency based on the Libyan golden Dinar. This plan was designed to provide, the Francophone Aftrican Countries with an alternative to the French franc (CFA).
|Sidney Blumenthal
|https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659
|2011-04-01}}
</div>
The email continues stating that "According to knowledgeable individuals…" the desire to develop the currency…
{{Quote|…was one of the factors that influenced President Nicolas Sarkozy's decision to commit France to the attack on Libya. According to these individuals Sarkozy's plans are driven by the following issues:


* No electricity bills in Libya; free electricity for all its citizens.
a. A desire to gain a greater share of Libya oil production,
* There was no interest on loans, banks in Libya are state-owned and loans given to all its citizens at 0% interest by law.
* If a Libyan is unable to find employment after graduation, the state would  pay the average salary of the profession as if he or she is employed until employment is found.
* Should Libyans want to take up a farming career, they receive farm land, a house, equipment, seed and livestock to kick start their farms – this was all for free.
* Gaddafi carried out the world’s largest irrigation project, known as the Great Man-Made River project, to make water readily available throughout the desert country.
* A home was considered a human right in Libya. (In Qaddafi’s [[Library:The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)|Green Book]] it states: “The house is a basic need of both the individual and the family, therefore it should not be owned by others.”)
* All newlyweds in Libya would receive 60,000 Dinar (US$ 50,000 ) by the government to buy their first apartment so to help start a family.
* A portion of Libyan oil sales is or was credited directly to the bank accounts of all Libyan citizens.
* A mother who gives birth to a child would receive US $5,000.
* When a Libyan buys a car, the government would subsidize 50% of the price.
* Fuel subsidies: The price of petrol in Libya was $0.14 per liter.
* Food subsidies: For $ 0.15, a Libyan local could  purchase 40 loaves of bread.
* Education and medical treatments was all free in Libya. Libya can boast one of the finest health care systems in the Arab and African World. All people have access to doctors, hospitals, clinics and medicines, completely free of charge.
* If Libyans cannot find the education or medical facilities they need in Libya, the government would fund  them to go abroad for it – not only free but they get US $2,300/month accommodation and car allowance.
* 25% of Libyans have a university degree.
* Before Gaddafi only 25% of Libyans were literate. Today the figure is 87%.
* Libya had no external debt and its reserves amount to $150 billion – though much of this is now frozen globally.


== Death ==
b. Increase French influence in North Africa,
 
c. Improve his internal political situation in France,
 
d. Provide the French military with an opportunity to reassert its position in the world,
 
e. Address the concern of his advisors over Qaddafi's long term plan to supplant France as the dominant power in Francophone Africa.
|Sidney Blumenthal
|https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659
|2011-04-01}}
 
==Death==
Following NATO invasion of Libya, Gaddafi was killed by a US drone strike, despite the rebels' call for covert support for their mission, rather than overt support.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/u-s-drone-involved-in-final-qaddafi-strike-as-obama-heralds-regimes-end</ref>
Following NATO invasion of Libya, Gaddafi was killed by a US drone strike, despite the rebels' call for covert support for their mission, rather than overt support.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/u-s-drone-involved-in-final-qaddafi-strike-as-obama-heralds-regimes-end</ref>


== Bibliography ==
==Bibliography==


* [[:Category:Library works by Muammar Gaddafi|Library works by Muammar Gaddafi]]
*[[:Category:Library works by Muammar Gaddafi|Library works by Muammar Gaddafi]]


== References ==
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Former heads of state]]
[[Category:Socialist rulers]]
[[Category:Targets of intelligence operations]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:People targeted by regime change operations]]

Latest revision as of 00:10, 18 September 2023

Colonel

Muammar Gaddafi

معمر القذافي
Portrait of Colonel Gaddafi
Born(1942-06-07)June 7, 1942
Sirte, Italian Libya
DiedOctober 20, 2011(2011-10-20) (aged 69)
Sirte, Libya
Cause of deathAssasination
NationalityLibyan
Political orientationThird International Theory
Arab socialism
African socialism
Pan-Africanism
Political partyArab Socialist Union (1969–1977)
Independent (1977–2011)


Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (7 June 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He governed Libya initially as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) from 1969 to 1977, before serving as Secretary General of the General People's Congress until 1979. After resigning his post to be succeeded by Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, Gaddafi would spend the rest of his career outside of the decision making framework of the Libyan Jamahiriya as Brotherly Leader of the Great September Revolution, an honorific title which only served ideological and ceremonial purposes.[1] Initially ideologically committed to Nasserism, Gaddafi's commitment would later evolve according to his own Third International Theory.

Pan-Africanism

On the 16th of March, 2016 WikiLeaks published an archive of Hillary Clinton's emails containing information confirming the conspiracy by the US and French Governments to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi based on his desire to develop a "pan-African" currency. In an email to Clinton titled, "France's client & Qaddafi's gold" Sidney Blumenthal describes Gaddafi's intentions to develop a "pan-African" dollar based on the Libyan Dinar and the concerns raised by France's government in relation.[2]

The gold was accumulated prior to the current rebellion and was intended to be used to establish a pan-African currency based on the Libyan golden Dinar. This plan was designed to provide, the Francophone Aftrican Countries with an alternative to the French franc (CFA).

— Sidney Blumenthal , https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659 , 2011-04-01


The email continues stating that "According to knowledgeable individuals…" the desire to develop the currency…

…was one of the factors that influenced President Nicolas Sarkozy's decision to commit France to the attack on Libya. According to these individuals Sarkozy's plans are driven by the following issues:

a. A desire to gain a greater share of Libya oil production,

b. Increase French influence in North Africa,

c. Improve his internal political situation in France,

d. Provide the French military with an opportunity to reassert its position in the world,

e. Address the concern of his advisors over Qaddafi's long term plan to supplant France as the dominant power in Francophone Africa.

— Sidney Blumenthal , https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12659 , 2011-04-01


Death

Following NATO invasion of Libya, Gaddafi was killed by a US drone strike, despite the rebels' call for covert support for their mission, rather than overt support.[3]

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Abuagela M. Ahmed (2012-12-05) "Examination of the public policy process in Libya" University of Salford. Retrieved 2023-3-17
  2. ↑ "France's client & Qaddafi's gold" (2011-04-01). WikiLeaks. Archived from the original on 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  3. ↑ https://www.foxnews.com/politics/u-s-drone-involved-in-final-qaddafi-strike-as-obama-heralds-regimes-end
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