Excerpts America Against America

← Back to all essays | Author's essays Excerpts America Against America

by Deogeo
Published: 2024-08-28 (last update: 2024-09-13)
25-40 minutes

What are the material conditions of the United States? Understanding this question is central to grasping how far away the United States is from a revolutionary situation. Wang Huning's insights will help illustrate the current material conditions.

Chapter V Interwoven Political Forces

It is not possible to or very difficult to fully understand a system when living inside it. The outside perspective is also needed. Wang Huning's observations regarding the essence of the political system are particularly useful here.

1. Donkey and Elephant Rule the Country

"The donkey is the symbol of the Democratic Party and the elephant is the symbol of the Republican Party. Some people have imaginatively described the election campaign in the United States as "the battle of the donkey and the elephant". In fact, both parties represent the ruling class of society and control politics, so it can also be said that "the donkey and the elephant rule the country". When analyzing the U.S. elections, it is important to understand the pivotal position of both parties. It is impossible to understand American politics and how it is run without understanding bipartisan politics. American politics is run by both parties, but neither party is really a political party, just an "aggregated mass". Compared to most Western and Eastern political parties, they are an even "rabble". We can look at why American political parties are rather like a "rabble".

For one thing, neither party has a set system of membership (some registration procedures); in fact, they don't have members in the strict sense of the word, and voters can self-identify with whichever party they want. Voters can self-identify with whichever party they vote for in the election. No one recognizes them as "party members," and they don't need to be recognized to say, "I'm a Republican" or "I'm a Democrat. Even senior party leaders probably had no concept of "party membership" from the beginning. The doors of both parties were wide open, and access was free, like a temple.

Second, neither party has a systematic theory, and there are differences between the two parties on many issues. But there are also various views among the two parties, from the left to the right, and from the center, etc. Among the members of both parties, all ideas can be heard. Senators or Representatives nominated and elected by both parties are also free to decide what to do, and can even oppose their own party's proposals.

Third, neither party has a complete platform, and if you want to find a copy of the Democratic or Republican party platform, you will never find one. Political parties generally have only two kinds of documents that indicate their positions and propositions, one is the platform formed at the nominating convention, but it cannot bind anyone. The other is the president's speech about it. So neither party can tell people clearly what they really want. They only propose some reform ideas on domestic and foreign affairs at election time, not their basic lines.

Fourth, neither party has a tight organization, and it is rare to hear which party holds branch or membership meetings in general. American political parties are electoral parties, that is, they are active only at election time, and it is not clear who is a member of the party itself during weekdays. It is like a person who is in a market and does not know what he or she should do until then. The federal system, too, prevents both parties from becoming well-organized parties. Each state has its own independent power, and the boundaries between the federal and state parties are well understood, with each state actually having its own Democratic and Republican parties. What the local party organizations do at election time is not known to the national organization. Regardless of this, what people are talking about is whether or not a candidate with their party's logo can be elected.

This shows that the concept of two parties is very different from that of a normal political party. But such loose organizations should not be underestimated; sometimes their strength lies in such looseness. Of course, it is not that the two parties are not organized, it is just that these organizations are not very effective outside of elections.

There are two types of political party organizations in the United States, one permanent and one ad hoc. The lowest level is called a Precinct Committee, which usually has only one person in charge. At the same level are town committees and other committees. At the top is the county commission, whose committee is made up of precinct members (usually), with the county commission being the more important layer. Between the county and state committees, there is a congressional district committee that puts forward candidates for Congress. Further up the ladder is the state committee. Because state legislation varies from state to state, the mechanism for creating state committees varies greatly and is not uniform. The state committee is the permanent body of the party in the state and is responsible for promoting the party and consolidating it. The chairman of the committee is a prominent figure in politics. Finally, there is the National Committee. The National Committee is composed of representatives from each state. The National Committee is loose, has little power, and cannot do much. Both parties do not have a formal central committee or standing committee, and there is no concept of a "U.S. Standing Committee. The chairman of the national committee is responsible for leading the campaign headquarters, promoting the candidates, fundraising and other matters, and has little power, but only a steward role.

In addition to this, both parties will have Headquarter for election services, from national headquarters, state headquarters to county headquarters.

It may seem that the two parties still have a more decent top-down, or bottom-up, organization, but in reality there is very little connection between the organizations, because there is no theory, no party platform, no fixed membership, and no idea how to connect. There was some connection between the national committee and the state committees, and little connection further down. The national headquarters also had no control over the local headquarters, which went about their business under the banner of the national headquarters. Because the main goal of the local headquarters is to win elections, there are no other benefits to be gained, such as a bigger share of the house, buying some cheap goods and riding in a nice little car. The people who come to work understand what they are doing before they come, so it works fine. As long as you can win the election, you can use whatever tricks you have. The National Committee doesn't bother to control either.

The two parties are the most willing to have others fight under their banner. You can do whatever you want as long as you play under my banner and negotiate certain terms. National franchise stores, such as McDonald's, Hardee's, and Kentucky Fried Chicken, are available nationwide. The head office has no idea what they are doing other than selling the same goods. Americans implement the same ideas in politics and economics. The two parties are like a National franchise, with each branch doing its own thing to sell its products.

In fact, there are not only the two parties, there are also many small parties, such as the Socialist Workers Party, the American Party, the People's Party, the Communist Party of America, etc. But they have never become a major party that can compete with the Republican and Democratic parties. One of the important reasons is that the two parties do not have clear boundaries, including a lot of "dissidents", There is no need for them to take refuge in others or occupy the top of the mountain because they are excluded.

It is sometimes unbelievable that two major parties that can dominate politics are so loosely organized. In fact the energy of the two parties lies in the looseness.

For one thing, it's hard for American culture to accept a well-organized political party and to understand a party platform that is ready to be used for twenty years. Americans are pragmatic and it's not even that easy for them to come up with the idea. They want to solve the specific problems they encounter in society. The individualism that people are raised with makes it difficult for them to become so deeply involved in a political organization that they can disregard their own interests. People choose political parties for their own benefit.

Second, both parties are open doors, anyone can enter and exit, the grassroots party members can not talk about discipline. The U.S. political parties are an ugly "hodgepodge", well known for their inclusiveness. In fact, this is an important condition for the long-term existence of the two parties. The two parties have no mechanism to exclude those who are willing to support them, but have a mechanism to absorb different people. Because there are no clear boundaries, anyone who wants to can come in and anyone who wants to can go out, and there is no real point in opposing them. The general public can only be uproarious, the main power of the party was in the hands of a small group of party leaders, unavailable to the general public.

Third, both parties are electoral parties whose main purpose is to win elections and do not have a fixed political goal. They do whatever will help them win the election. This mechanism motivates them to cater to voters' aspirations as much as possible and to unite themselves with their voters. The policy ideas that both parties talk about actually summarize voters' problems, and then propose solutions. This ability to adapt is also important for both parties to maintain their position. In this process, party leaders add the idea of representing the interests of big money and specific classes to the mix. Of course, after winning an election, they may disregard all their campaign promises and do something else. Voters have little control at this point."

...

5. Radical Organizations

Passing through the city center, there was a girl who had a book stall in a busy place. Not many people patronized it. I happened to be walking by and took a look at the books she was selling and was intrigued. The books on the stall included The Communist Manifesto, a collection of Castro's speeches, and a collection of Trotsky's speeches. It was easy to see that she belonged to a leftist radical organization. It is said that there are hundreds of such small organizations or micro-organizations in the United States. They are active, but have little political influence, and most of the population does not care about them.

The girl was also selling their organization's newspaper, The Militant, with the following headline: A weekly socialist news magazine published for the benefit of the workers. The Militant was a 16-page newspaper, like the Shanghai newspaper Xinmin Evening News, and sold for one dollar a copy, which was more expensive than the average newspaper.

Browsing through The Militant, one can see a bit of interesting and thought-provoking news.

The largest amount of space was devoted to the defense of a man named Mark Curtis. This man was an active member of the organization and was accused of sexual assault. The story is that on March 4, 1988, the girl who identified him, Morris, was at home watching television when, after about 8 p.m., someone called for her parents and she said they were not home. Ten minutes later there was a knock on the door and when she opened it, the man sexually assaulted her and beat her. The Militant published the activities of Curtis that night to prove that Curtis did not have time for this, and the newspaper called for public solidarity with Curtis.

Also in the news: criticism of Prime Minister Thatcher for expelling the Cuban Ambassador to the UK and the Third Secretary of the Cuban Embassy. Oscar Fernandez Mell, the Cuban ambassador to Britain, was one of the founders of the Cuban Communist Party, was elected to the first Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party, and had assisted Zaire's anti-imperialist struggle together with Che Guevara. The girl who sold newspapers once said that Cuba was the only socialist country left in the world, I'm afraid. There was a large report on political movements in Burma. One reported on a rally of 250 people in Zimbabwe to discuss Che Guevara and the Cuban revolution and an article on the experience of the Pennsylvania miners' strike.

An article worth mentioning, so that one can probably grasp the basic idea of this radical organization, is titled "One Caribbean, One Destiny" and is about a conference held in New York. The subject of the conference was the prospects of the anti-imperialist struggle. The conference was organized by the Caribbean Unity Coalition. This organization consisted of 38 political organizations from 23 countries. The main speaker was the press secretary of the former Prime Minister of Grenada. His statement is worth reading. He said: "What we are going to discuss is the use of our coalition against theirs. Our coalition, meaning the coalition of workers, farmers, fishermen, young people, students, people who are suffering. Their coalition refers to people with power, privilege, capital, and wealth." In today's world, there are still many who speak such words. Many participants condemned the U.S. intervention in Cuba and Nicaragua, saying it was aggression and a major obstacle to human beings getting housing, education, bread and other basic necessities of life.

More interestingly, the newspapers also carried notices of this party, the Socialist Workers Party, running in the 1988 presidential election. The presidential candidate was Warren, the vice presidential candidate was Mickells, and there was a campaign committee. Such a candidate would naturally not get much traction and would probably be completely downed out in the noisy campaign of Bush and Dukakis.

The newspaper The Militant called for popular subscriptions, advertising that The Militant tells the truth and reports the facts and the truth about the war waged by the United States against the peoples of the world, and that if the truth were obtained only by major mass communication, we would be ignorant of the war waged by the United States against the peoples of El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua.

As you can see from the above reports, this is a radical group, and there are countless such radical groups in the US and other Western societies, but most of them have little impact. Some of the issues that these organizations talk about are true, and some of their ideas are not unhelpful to social progress. The status of these self-proclaimed socialist organizations is particularly low in the United States. I am afraid that these phenomena cannot be seen in the context of the programs and activities of these organizations, but in fact reflect the relationship between the two major ideologies in the world today. Since the post-war socialist countries have encountered twists and turns of one kind or another, their economic development has lagged far behind that of the capitalist countries, so their overall appeal is not sufficient. The economic development of the capitalist countries, on the other hand, has produced an overwhelming appeal. Generally speaking, the public does not judge the merits of society from the point of view of institutions, structures, ideas, spirituality, human nature, etc., but from their own daily life, or from the gut, not from the brain. Because of the huge gap in economic and social development, organizations and ideas that advocate reforming the capitalist system will have no great impact in Western society. Therefore, American society also leaves them to their own devices. If one day the economic level between the East and the West is reversed, I am afraid that they will have to be regulated. In fact, we won't have develop beyond them, just pull even, and the ideological battle may rise again. A friend says that this is a good point, and that with a few more serious recessions, there will be a market for radicals."

Chapter VI Incomplete Campaign

2. The Path of the President

Every society needs two aspects of political activity, a more centralized process to produce political leadership, and a more democratic process to lead politics. It is the latter activity that the American political system copes with. The former activity is determined by political parties.

VII Political Pyramid

1. Capitol Hill

Congress has always been seen as the center of political power in the United States, and Congress has, in principle, the highest authority. I do not want to analyze in political science terms the organization, structure, function, and competence of Congress. The data can be found in any textbook. I want to talk about something concrete and vivid.

...

One day in September 1988, around noon, we drove up to the front of the Capitol....Once inside, I first found Sinclair, a leading expert on congressional

issues. She was a professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and is now temporarily doing research in Congress, as if she were also working as an assistant to the Speaker of the House. Professor Sinclair gave a brief introduction to the organization of Congress and then gave a tour of the Capitol. The tour began with a look at the so-called "corridor" where the "Lobbyists", as they are called, lobby to pass a bill and influence the legislative process (see Chapter 5). They were responsible for lobbying to pass a bill and influence the legislative process (see Chapter 5, Section 4, "Lay Advocates").

The many chairs in the hallway provide better conditions for lobbyists, which is perhaps the most incomprehensible part of American political culture. Politics is a very serious matter of public interest, and the lobbyists are always lobbying for a special interest, which is a bit "out of sight". But in the United States, this kind of activity is open and legal. And the government has set up a comfortable venue in the Capitol to provide services. Here is a certain spirit of enterprise, or business spirit. It's legitimate for businesses to do business with their own interests and to be able to bargain openly. The head of the American Political Science Association's Congressional Research Program who took us there joked that China should send more people here.

2. Society of Fifty

The federal system gives the states considerable leeway to operate. This is not uncommon in today's political systems. The states have so much power and independence that there is even concern that it could cause dysfunction. But, on the whole, the system works well. There are multiple layers of socio-historical-cultural reasons for this.

Economically speaking, the United States is a highly unified market, a complete whole, hamburgers, IBM companies, car gas stations, KFC, "Greyhound" coach, etc. are national organizations, but also non-governmental organizations. Car rental companies are a good example, customers in San Francisco to rent a car, after driving to New York can be returned to the company's branches, the country has such a service. Hilton and other large systems of hotels are all over the country. The unification of information and transportation together gives the integration of this society of states a durable substructure. The high level of economic development performs the important function of maintaining national unity. Under such circumstances, the political system, in turn, does not need to make much effort, and a situation like the Civil War could hardly be reproduced.

Secondly, American political history tells us that the state governments precede the federal government, and the states already have a more orthogonal functioning mechanism. The federal government is established only to maintain the original status of the states so that they will not be destroyed and weakened. On the contrary, if there is a central government first and a local government later, the situation is very different. In the political development of different countries, there are local governments as the premise of the central government, and there are central governments as the premise of local governments. It goes without saying, I am afraid, that these two models lead to different results.

The long-running U.S. social system has created a culture that accepts the current political landscape - the "Society of Fifty" - and is the main force that maintains it. To maintain an institution is, in effect, to maintain itself. The federal government is, in a sense, an institution that is coordinated and managed by people from the G50.

VIII Soft Governance

2. Principles of the Factory

On the other hand, the development of science and technology has made the process of production regulations seem insignificant, such as not to be late, not to finish early, to complete the number of products, to ensure quality, etc. We will call these regulations hard regulations, that is, the regulations used to regulate the production process. In a society where production is not developed, this is essential. Marx could have given many examples when he wrote Capital, and here is why.

In societies with advanced production, automation, electrification and electronics make these regulations redundant, while soft regulations become important. Soft regulations mainly harmonize people's mental and psychological state. Each part of the automated assembly line is forced to be obeyed by each worker. We saw multiple assembly lines in this factory, and the speed was dizzying. The workload of the workers is enormous. This is called "dehumanizing coercion". Psychologically speaking, "dehumanizing coercion" is easier to accept than "humanizing coercion". Marcuse's analysis of contemporary capitalism is worth exploring, especially when it comes to the changes in people's psychology caused by modern mass production. The question of how to reconcile people's psychological and spiritual states becomes a crucial one. This "convention" contains a lot of Maslow's psychology, which seems to be clear at a glance.

Thanks to automation, management has become easier, and with the right to terminate employees, the whole management seems more effective. A

look at the people who have been sacked from [a Proctor and Gamble Company] factory shows how modernization has facilitated management. The retired manager told us that some of the people who were dismissed were stealing from other people's clothing boxes or not paying in the self-service stores. These are non-productive reasons. The development of capitalism has used technology to resolve the conflicts that may arise between labor and management over technology. This is a condition for both the easing of social conflicts and the development of business. The undemocratic process of American business has been technologized and automated. In Marcuse's words, it has been rationalized. What remains is to reconcile people's inner worlds. But it seems difficult to reconcile people's inner worlds, because the rationalization of what is irrational is constantly and quietly suppressing people's minds, and this process will intensify with the development of modern science and technology. This will be a difficult problem for Western society for a long time.

3. The Enterprise is not Democratic

Another noteworthy factor is the convenience that modernization has brought to management. The friend's wife said that the supervisors carry walkie-talkies and are always in contact with the managers further up the hierarchy. The supervisors can receive instructions from their superiors while making their rounds. In addition, in some buildings, there are camera lenses, so that every move of the workers is visible. The most powerful force is money, because once fired, it is also very difficult to find a job. The new employer is going to ask why the original job is not being done, there is a possibility of calling the original employer of the person applying for the job. In this American society, if you cannot find a job, life will be very difficult. The pressure of life, the magic of money, and the power of management all drive people to do their best and be careful. To do it, you have to put in real effort and be realistic.

This strict management in the social circle of life is an integral part of the organic functioning of society. Private businesses and corporations manage most of the economic functioning mechanisms of society. The public sector is essentially managed in this way as well. The most important force is the square measure of money. The power of money is irresistible, but not all money creates such a power. Money creates power only when it reaches a certain amount. Whenever you work, you can get a higher pay, for example, washing dishes for $3-6 per hour. If you wash dishes for ten hours and take the average, you can earn $40, which is almost 160 RMB at the official price (of course, the high and low wages are not fully explained by the amount of income or from the comparison with the wages of workers in other countries, but must be linked with the proportion of expenditure and the inflation rate to see more clearly). If it were only $1 per hour, most people probably wouldn't take how they work seriously. As long as they work, most of them have a better salary. This makes him reluctant to lose his job, but to not lose his job, he has to work hard. This way society has a strong coordinating force and does not need the government to coordinate. Only after a certain threshold of labor conflict or social tension is exceeded will the government intervene.

Society is managed through the power of money, with little talk of ideological education. Of course, we can say that this ensures that the capitalists exploit the workers. In fact, capitalists and businesses are all about getting profits, and this method of management ensures that they get there. In fact, this spirit of management is not only reflected in the economic sphere, but also in the public sector of government. Other institutions of society follow the same pattern. This kind of management creates a mechanism: strict and efficient management in social and economic affairs. It should be said that this constitutes a basic condition for its political democracy, because the specific area of political rule is very limited and most of it is encompassed by the supra-political activities of private enterprises, where turmoil and ups and downs do not touch the whole society. In countries where institutions and power are relatively centralized, on the other hand, political or policy changes move the whole body of a nation.

The American approach to management is not the same as the Chinese tradition. American management is rigid and strict; Chinese tradition is about flexibility and mobility so as to appear humane. Americans consider the former to be natural and the Chinese consider the latter to be natural. A Taiwanese who was second in command in an American company told me that he made it clear to the Americans that he was Chinese and was willing to follow the Chinese approach to management, and if his American counterparts did not cooperate, he had to take the American approach, and was at the mercy of it all. In a sense, this shows that it is difficult for Chinese people to accept the American management method, and they may feel psychologically unbalanced and may not be able to coordinate interpersonal relationships. It is worth exploring what path Chinese society should take to create a better organizational mechanism for political development.

Section 4 Human Services

Social service, or human service, is the dominant element in contemporary Western social welfare policy. I have always felt that social welfare is a stabilizing mechanism that cannot be ignored in Western societies, and it has resolved various conflicts that were difficult to resolve in the past. The inhuman phenomena of capitalist society depicted and criticized by Marx, Engels and Lenin have now been resolved by the government. Naturally, such an ending came about only after social contradictions had intensified. However, once this mechanism is formed, it will have an unanticipated effect on the stability and continuity of the entire social system.

I went to visit a county human services agency. When I walked into the agency, I saw some people waiting to be received. They appeared to be poor people, some pregnant women, some mothers with children. We were greeted by F, the director of the agency.

These types of human service organizations are found in all states. Let's dissect the organizational structure of Iowa. There is a Department of Human Services at the state level, and eight districts below the state, each of which is divided into a number of counties. This county is in the Cedar Rapids district. At the state level, there is a commissioner in charge of the Department of Human Services, who is subordinate to the governor, and there is also a Human Services Commission. At the state level, there are three divisions, Veterans Administration, Mental Health and Social Services, which are responsible for proposing policies, organizing programs and providing services. There is also a Community Services Division, headed by a deputy commissioner, which manages refugee, volunteer, district and county offices; an Organizational Planning Division, also headed by a deputy commissioner, which manages communications, program development and program coordination; and a Management and Budget Division, which manages finance, legal affairs, personnel, training, program evaluation and other matters. The Human Services Commission sets policy and recommends how the Department of Human Services should work. The Department of Community Services manages eight district agencies and 146 local offices. What are the goals of the Department of Human Services? The Department of Human Services' own literature indicates: to provide human services to Iowans who are experiencing personal, economic or social problems. The Department's primary responsibility is to promote the welfare of Iowans by helping individuals and families become self-supporting.

This goal was set with a guiding philosophy that we can analyze: a good family is the foundation for the growth and well-being of all individuals, so the Department of Human Services focuses on promoting family unity and human development; services should be provided in a manner that protects the private domain (Privacy), promotes the dignity of the individual, and enables individuals to have full control over their own lives. As you can see, this goal is deeply infected by the American spirit, and its role is, of course, to promote and preserve it.

What does human services include? Services for people who are incapable of taking care of themselves and services for the mentally ill, which is what any society would do. It is noteworthy that it focuses more on the social problems caused by human beings, while concentrating on resolving these conflicts. We can look at several areas. One major aspect of its services is the distribution of food stamps to provide food for those who do not have jobs or income. Food stamps may arise from a variety of problems, such as unemployment, early pregnancy, etc. The agency also takes care of young women with early pregnancies and helps "Single Mothers" by encouraging them to go back to school and finish their studies.

And then there is the care of abused children. although the United States is a very civilized country to say the least, there is a lot of child abuse going on. Ms. F. told us that last year they had a hundred documented cases of child abuse here, and two became permanently disabled. Many children are crippled by being beaten. Then there is the care of abused adults, mostly women, (Americans are known to beat their wives). The agency also provides medical funding. In particular, its services in social issues act as a buffer, so that forces that might otherwise impact the social system are diminished at this point. Its social function speaks for itself.

Social services play a role that legal and political regulation cannot. Legal and political regulation is effective within the limits of reason. The desperate people in society tend to lose their rationality, and they do not heed the normal means of regulation. The role of social services is to keep people within the bounds of rationality and not to make them go out of their way.

Because social services have such a wonderful function, government investment is also significant. The countervailing theory, of course, is that social conflicts have reached such a level that investment is necessary. Let's look at the fiscal report for the Cedar Rapids district: in fiscal year 1987, financial expenditures for child assistance were $168 million; food stamp expenditures were $108 million; and medical assistance amounted to $412 million, a ratio that is easy to calculate for a district with a total population of 430,000.

It is possible to look at it in more detail. Let's look at the county: population of about 16,000, almost desolate compared to China. in[sic] fiscal year 1987, nearly $320,000 was spent on child support; unemployed parent fees, $63,000; food stamps, $270,000; medical support, over $140,000; state supplemental aid, $60,000; temporary emergency food support, $76,000; adoption services, $200,000; purchased services, $100,000; child support, $160,000; administrative costs and salaries, $140,000; and administrative expenses, $9,500. Adoption services, $200,000; purchased services, $100,000; child support, $160,000; administrative costs and salaries, etc., $140,000; and administrative expenses, $9,500. The total cost of all these items is $2.7 million. And the total cost to the state in this area is $839 million. That's a staggering figure. This is one way of looking at the social problems that are piling up.

57% of this financial cost comes from the federal government and 43% from the state government. Since social services play a vital role in social stability, this money cannot be left out. Imagine what it would be like to stop the social services program as a whole. However, this expenditure is increasingly becoming a heavy burden on taxpayers and the debate around it will grow stronger and stronger.

That said, one can trace this service back to England in the 16th century. It is said to have been a practice in England around 1500 to reserve a portion of the land to care for the poor. This legend also came to America with the Mayflower ship, explains F. That may be true. But the more important question is why were there poor people? Because when the Mayflower arrived, there was not a clear distinction between the rich and the poor. The system that produces the poor also produces the power to delegitimize itself. Rulers must find ways to transform that power. It is not difficult to look at the history of the United States after World War II and come up with such an answer.

Many people strongly advocate cutting these costs. But when it comes to putting it into action, everyone is afraid to act. The human services program has become an inseparable part of the social system, and without it it would be unbalanced. The real problem is that American society has not stopped creating the forces of denial, but has instead produced more and more of them, which human services can only transform, not eliminate. In the long run, this function will one day reach its limits. But for the United States, there is no other choice, a choice that has to be made to prevent possible political upheaval.

As with any society, no society has the capacity to solve all the problems of all people. If a society is to pursue long-term stability, this should be built to maximize the mechanisms that can solve social and individual challenges. For many societies, the cause of the crisis is not in the system, but in something very common: whether people can be fed and clothed.