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{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=The Troubles|date=1966-1998|Location=[[Northern Ireland]], sporadic conflict elsewhere|status=An end to most violence with the [[Good Friday Agreement]]|combatants_header= | {{Infobox military conflict|conflict=The Troubles|date=1966-1998|Location=[[Northern Ireland]], sporadic conflict elsewhere|status=An end to most violence with the [[Good Friday Agreement]]|combatants_header=Belligerents|combatant1='''Irish Republicans'''|combatant1a=Miltary Organizations<br>[[Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army]] (until 1969)<br>[[Saor Éire]] (1967-1970)<br>[[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (from 1969)<br>[[Official Irish Republican Army]] (1969-1972)<br>[[Irish National Liberation Army]] (from 1974)<br>[[Continuity Irish Republican Army]] (from 1986)<br>[[Irish People's Liberation Organization]] (1986-1992)<br>[[Real Irish Republican Army]] (from 1997)|combatant1b=Political Organizations<br>[[Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin]] (until 1969)<br>[[Provisional Sinn Féin]] (from 1969)<br>[[Official Sinn Féin]] (from 1969, later called Sinn Féin-Workers Party or Worker's Party)<br>[[Nothern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] (1969-1972)<br> [[Irish Republican Socialist Party]] (from 1974)<br>[[Republican Sinn Féin]] (from 1986)<br>[[Republican Socialist Collective]] (1986-1992)<br>[[32 County Sovereignity Movement]] (from 1997)|combatant1c=Material Support and Training<br>[[NORAID]] (from 1969)<br>[[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (1970s-1980s)<br>[[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] (1972-1973/1980s)<br>[[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (sporadically from 1972)<br>[[Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]] (from 1974)<br>[[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (limited)|combatant1d=Poltical Support<br>Most global Socialist and national liberation movements|combatant2='''British and Unionist Forces'''|combatant2a=Military Organizations<br>[[British Armed Forces]]<br>[[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]<br>[[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (1966-1994)<br>[[Ulster Protestant Volunteers]] (1966-1969)<br>[[Red Hand Commando]] (1970-1994)<br>[[Ulster Defence Association]] (1971-1994)<br>[[Ulster Resistance]] (from 1986)<br>[[Loyalist Volunteer Force]] (from 1996)|combatant2b=Political Organizations=<br>[[Ulster Unionist Party]]<br>[[Conservative and Unionist Party]]<br>[[Progressive Unionist Party]] (from 1979)|combatant2c=Material Support<br>[[Union of South Africa]]<br>[[Arkan's Tigers]]|combatant2d=Political Support<br>Most Western imperialist states and reactionaries.}}'''The Troubles''' was a conflict between [[Irish Republican]] organizations and the [[British Army]] and its [[Unionist]] paramilitary supporters. | ||
The conflict was characterized by bombings and assassinations by militant groups, as well as sectarian violence committed against innocent civilians, primarily by [[Protestant]] unionist groups against [[Irish Catholic]] civilians. | The conflict was characterized by bombings and assassinations by militant groups, as well as sectarian violence committed against innocent civilians, primarily by [[Protestant]] unionist groups against [[Irish Catholic]] civilians. | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
=== Early British Occupation: 1169-1898 === | |||
''See main article: [[Early History of Ireland]]'' | |||
The first British occupation of Ireland took place in [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-]]1169 while England was ruled by [[Henry II]], when [[Wexford]] was occupied. British influence over the island continued to grow with successive invasions, putting [[Anglo-Irish]] lords in power around 1250 and creating the Irish Parliament in 1297.<ref name=":0">{{Web citation|newspaper=CAIN|title=Chronology of Key Events in Irish History, 1169 to 1799|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1169-1799.htm}}</ref> | |||
In 1541 [[Henry VIII]] had his title changed from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland, marking the point Britain fully controlled Ireland.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Henry VIII also began the spread of [[Protestantism]] in Ireland, which continued in 1558 under [[Elizabeth I]]. The spread of Protestantism, often through the suppression of [[Catholicism]] was fought back against both by the general public in Ireland and by some Anglo-Irish Lords, beginning a series of revolts and rebellions from 1569 to the 1580s.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Several other rebellions occurred, including one led by [[Hugh O'Neill]] in 1595, a [[Gealic|Gaelic]] chief, revolts supported by Spain in the early 1600s.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
In 1605 plans to create plantations in Ulster were proposed and followed through with in 1606. These plantations were one of the first widespread examples of settler-colonialism, with predominantly Protestant [[Scottish]] and English settlers settling in the North.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
In 1642 a civil war between [[Charles I]] and the English Parliament began. The same year a rebellion in Ireland, mostly organized by the native Irish Catholics, began. Among the leaders of this uprising was [[Owen Roe O'Neill]], who due to his exploits became a folk hero in later years.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
After the end of the civil war in 1649 and the execution of Charles I, [[Oliver Cromwell]] emerged as the dominant political figure in England. He led an invasion of Ireland with the goal of destroying the rebellion and crushing Catholic dissent. The massacres committed by his army are widely recognized as genocide. After the invasion the development of Protestant plantations increased.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
in 1658 Cromwell died and in 1660 [[Charles II]] became king. In 1661 the Irish Parliament was reestablished.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Suppression of Catholicism began to increase, with official positions being limited to members of the [[Church of Ireland]] in 1666. In 1678 allegations were made of a Catholic plot to overthrow Charles II. In 1681 Archbishop of Armagh [[Oliver Plunkett]] was executed for alleged involvement in the plot.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
In 1685 the throne of England passed to the Catholic James II. In 1688 his daughter Mary, a Protestant, and her husband Prince William of Orange arrived in England, claiming the throne. They agreed to rule in 1689, and James II arrived in Ireland, claiming the throne. The next century included several risings by supporters of Charles II and his royal line, called [[Jacobites]]. These risings had a large base of support in Ireland, which was often on the front lines.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
In 1762 the [[Whiteboys]], and agrarian Catholic organization began to resist oppression of the Irish peasantry.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The enlightenment led to the growth of [[Liberalism]], [[Republicanism]], and [[Proto-socialism]], setting the stage for the United Irishmen rising of 1798.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
=== United Irishmen to Young Ireland: 1791-1848 === | |||
The [[Society of United Irishmen]] was founded in 1791 in Belfast. It mostly consisted of [[Presbyterian]] radicals inspired by the [[French Revolution]]. In 1792 [[Theobold Wolfe Tone]] was appointed Secretary of the [[Catholic Committee]], a group which advocated for rights for Catholics. He also became a leading member of the United Irishmen.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The United Irishmen went underground following suppression by the British government in 1794. Wolfe Tone and other leaders departed from Ireland to seek aid abroad, particularly in France.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Conflict between Catholic and Protestant farmers grew in 1795, with the Catholic [[Defenders]] fighting the Protestant [[Peep of the Day Boys]]. The Protestants were victorious and the [[Orange Order]] was formed.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
In 1796 Wolfe Tone attempted to land on Ireland with a French fleet, but was unsuccessful. In 1797, with an uprising imminent, martial law was imposed.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The [[Irish Uprising of 1798]] began in May with several small rebellions throughout Ireland. A larger uprising throughout the island was planned to begin then by the United Irishmen, but this was delayed by the arrest of leaders of the organization. In August a French force arrived in [[Mayo]]. The rebellion was defeated on October 12 when a French fleet, with Wolfe Tone onboard, was intercepted. Wolfe Tone was taken prisoner and died in prison on November 19, likely of suicide.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The acts of Union were passed in 1800, forming a union between Ireland and Britain and creating the basis for Unionism. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] was established in 1801when the act went into effect.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CAIN|title=A Chronology of Key Events in Irish History 1800 to 1967|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm}}</ref> | |||
=== The Fenians, IRB and Home Rule Movement: 1848-1913 === | |||
=== Growing Tensions: 1913-1916 === | |||
=== The Easter Rising and Revolution: 1916-1922 === | |||
=== Civil War and Underground Movement: 1922-1960s === | |||
=== Growing Tensions and Outbreak of the Troubles: Early 1960s === | |||
== Groups Involved == | == Groups Involved == | ||
| Line 12: | Line 62: | ||
== Casualties == | == Casualties == | ||
3,720 people were killed in total during the conflict and approximately 47,541 were injured.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CAIN Archive|title=Fact sheet for the conflict in and around Nothern Ireland| | 3,720 people were killed in total during the conflict and approximately 47,541 were injured.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=CAIN Archive|title=Fact sheet for the conflict in and around Nothern Ireland|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/docs/group/htr/day_of_reflection/htr_0607c.pdf}}</ref> | ||
== Characterization == | == Characterization == | ||
== References == | |||
Revision as of 23:08, 15 May 2024
The Troubles was a conflict between Irish Republican organizations and the British Army and its Unionist paramilitary supporters.
The conflict was characterized by bombings and assassinations by militant groups, as well as sectarian violence committed against innocent civilians, primarily by Protestant unionist groups against Irish Catholic civilians.
Background
Early British Occupation: 1169-1898
See main article: Early History of Ireland
The first British occupation of Ireland took place in Anglo-1169 while England was ruled by Henry II, when Wexford was occupied. British influence over the island continued to grow with successive invasions, putting Anglo-Irish lords in power around 1250 and creating the Irish Parliament in 1297.[1]
In 1541 Henry VIII had his title changed from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland, marking the point Britain fully controlled Ireland.[1]
Henry VIII also began the spread of Protestantism in Ireland, which continued in 1558 under Elizabeth I. The spread of Protestantism, often through the suppression of Catholicism was fought back against both by the general public in Ireland and by some Anglo-Irish Lords, beginning a series of revolts and rebellions from 1569 to the 1580s.[1]
Several other rebellions occurred, including one led by Hugh O'Neill in 1595, a Gaelic chief, revolts supported by Spain in the early 1600s.[1]
In 1605 plans to create plantations in Ulster were proposed and followed through with in 1606. These plantations were one of the first widespread examples of settler-colonialism, with predominantly Protestant Scottish and English settlers settling in the North.[1]
In 1642 a civil war between Charles I and the English Parliament began. The same year a rebellion in Ireland, mostly organized by the native Irish Catholics, began. Among the leaders of this uprising was Owen Roe O'Neill, who due to his exploits became a folk hero in later years.[1]
After the end of the civil war in 1649 and the execution of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell emerged as the dominant political figure in England. He led an invasion of Ireland with the goal of destroying the rebellion and crushing Catholic dissent. The massacres committed by his army are widely recognized as genocide. After the invasion the development of Protestant plantations increased.[1]
in 1658 Cromwell died and in 1660 Charles II became king. In 1661 the Irish Parliament was reestablished.[1]
Suppression of Catholicism began to increase, with official positions being limited to members of the Church of Ireland in 1666. In 1678 allegations were made of a Catholic plot to overthrow Charles II. In 1681 Archbishop of Armagh Oliver Plunkett was executed for alleged involvement in the plot.[1]
In 1685 the throne of England passed to the Catholic James II. In 1688 his daughter Mary, a Protestant, and her husband Prince William of Orange arrived in England, claiming the throne. They agreed to rule in 1689, and James II arrived in Ireland, claiming the throne. The next century included several risings by supporters of Charles II and his royal line, called Jacobites. These risings had a large base of support in Ireland, which was often on the front lines.[1]
In 1762 the Whiteboys, and agrarian Catholic organization began to resist oppression of the Irish peasantry.[1]
The enlightenment led to the growth of Liberalism, Republicanism, and Proto-socialism, setting the stage for the United Irishmen rising of 1798.[1]
United Irishmen to Young Ireland: 1791-1848
The Society of United Irishmen was founded in 1791 in Belfast. It mostly consisted of Presbyterian radicals inspired by the French Revolution. In 1792 Theobold Wolfe Tone was appointed Secretary of the Catholic Committee, a group which advocated for rights for Catholics. He also became a leading member of the United Irishmen.[1]
The United Irishmen went underground following suppression by the British government in 1794. Wolfe Tone and other leaders departed from Ireland to seek aid abroad, particularly in France.[1]
Conflict between Catholic and Protestant farmers grew in 1795, with the Catholic Defenders fighting the Protestant Peep of the Day Boys. The Protestants were victorious and the Orange Order was formed.[1]
In 1796 Wolfe Tone attempted to land on Ireland with a French fleet, but was unsuccessful. In 1797, with an uprising imminent, martial law was imposed.[1]
The Irish Uprising of 1798 began in May with several small rebellions throughout Ireland. A larger uprising throughout the island was planned to begin then by the United Irishmen, but this was delayed by the arrest of leaders of the organization. In August a French force arrived in Mayo. The rebellion was defeated on October 12 when a French fleet, with Wolfe Tone onboard, was intercepted. Wolfe Tone was taken prisoner and died in prison on November 19, likely of suicide.[1]
The acts of Union were passed in 1800, forming a union between Ireland and Britain and creating the basis for Unionism. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established in 1801when the act went into effect.[2]
The Fenians, IRB and Home Rule Movement: 1848-1913
Growing Tensions: 1913-1916
The Easter Rising and Revolution: 1916-1922
Civil War and Underground Movement: 1922-1960s
Growing Tensions and Outbreak of the Troubles: Early 1960s
Groups Involved
History
Effects
Casualties
3,720 people were killed in total during the conflict and approximately 47,541 were injured.[3]