Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992): Difference between revisions
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=== Founding === | === Founding === | ||
On 1924 June 3, the Politburo of the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] Central Committee created a plan for forming a republican government. After the Third Party Congress in 1924 August, elections to the Grand Hural were held. 77 delegates were elected, including 71 [[Peasantry|peasants]] (''arat''), six former [[Nobility|nobles]], 44 Party members, and six members of the [[Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League|Revolutionary Youth League]].<ref name=":03" /><sup>:315–6</sup> | On 1924 June 3, the Politburo of the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] Central Committee created a plan for forming a republican government. After the Third Party Congress in 1924 August, elections to the Grand Hural were held. 77 delegates were elected, including 71 [[Peasantry|peasants]] (''arat''), six former [[Nobility|nobles]], 44 Party members, and six members of the [[Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League|Revolutionary Youth League]]. The Hural opened on November 8.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:315–6</sup> | ||
On 1924 November 26, the Grand Hural approved Mongolia's first constitution and proclaimed the People's Republic of Mongolia.<ref name=":03" /> It launched a policy of liquidating the [[aristocracy]] and [[clergy]], who still controlled 30% of the country's livestock,<ref name=":0" /> and recognized the independence of the [[Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)|Tuvan People's Republic]] in 1925. | |||
The publication ''Ünen'' (Mongolian: ''Үнэн''), meaning "truth", was the central organ of the MPRP.<ref>Akiner, Shirin. [https://archive.org/details/mongoliatoday00akin/page/n30/mode/1up "Mongolia Today."] 1991. Kegan Paul International, Central Asia Research Forum, London.</ref><ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article114222.html "Определение ""Унэн"" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии"] [Definition of "Unen" in the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'']. ''bse.sci-lib.com'' (in Russian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211005160953/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article114222.html Archived] from the original on 2021-10-05.</ref> | The publication ''Ünen'' (Mongolian: ''Үнэн''), meaning "truth", was the central organ of the MPRP.<ref>Akiner, Shirin. [https://archive.org/details/mongoliatoday00akin/page/n30/mode/1up "Mongolia Today."] 1991. Kegan Paul International, Central Asia Research Forum, London.</ref><ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article114222.html "Определение ""Унэн"" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии"] [Definition of "Unen" in the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'']. ''bse.sci-lib.com'' (in Russian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211005160953/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article114222.html Archived] from the original on 2021-10-05.</ref> | ||
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=== Counterrevolution === | === Counterrevolution === | ||
In 1990, a [[Colour revolution|color revolution]] occurred and bourgeois parties were allowed to compete in elections. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party still won but eventually became a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party by 1991.<ref>{{Citation|author=Dieter Nohlen, et al.|year=2001|title=Elections in Asia: A data handbook|chapter=|section=|page=490|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=0199249598|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The current constitution of [[Mongolia]] was adopted in 1992. After the adoption of the new constitution, the name of the state became "Mongolia".<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001.pdf?lang=en "Mongolia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2001."] Constitute Project. PDF generated 27 Apr 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508161003/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001.pdf?lang=en Archived] 2022-05-08.</ref> | In 1990, a [[Colour revolution|color revolution]] occurred and bourgeois parties were allowed to compete in elections. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party still won but eventually became a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party by 1991.<ref>{{Citation|author=Dieter Nohlen, et al.|year=2001|title=Elections in Asia: A data handbook|chapter=|section=|page=490|quote=|pdf=|city=|publisher=|isbn=0199249598|doi=|lg=|mia=|title-url=|chapter-url=|trans-title=|trans-lang=}}</ref> The current constitution of [[Mongolia]] was adopted in 1992. After the adoption of the new constitution, the name of the state became "Mongolia".<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001.pdf?lang=en "Mongolia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2001."] Constitute Project. PDF generated 27 Apr 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508161003/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001.pdf?lang=en Archived] 2022-05-08.</ref> | ||
== Government == | |||
=== Central government === | |||
''Hurals'', a rural variation of [[Soviet (governmental body)|soviets]], governed Mongolia. The Grand Hural, initially composed of 77 delegates, held supreme power and elected a 30-member Little Hural to administer between its sessions. The Little Hural elected a Presidium of five members and 12-member executive government.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:316–9</sup> | |||
=== Local government === | |||
Local hurals existed in addition to the Grand Hural.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:318</sup> | |||
=== Elections === | |||
Under the MPR's 1924 constitution, soldiers and all citizens aged 18 or older who earned a livelihood with their own [[labour]] could vote regardless of gender. Former members of the clergy and secular nobility could not vote.<ref name=":03" /><sup>:316</sup> | |||
== Space program == | == Space program == | ||
Revision as of 12:59, 9 June 2024
| Mongolian People's Republic Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс | |
|---|---|
| 1924–1992 | |
 Flag | |
 | |
| Capital | Ulaanbaatar |
| Official languages | Mongolian |
| Dominant mode of production | Socialism |
| Government | Marxist-Leninist state |
| History | |
• People's Revolution | March 1 1921 |
• People's Republic proclaimed | November 26 1924 |
• Counterrevolution | March 9 1990 |
• Current constitution | February 13 1992 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,564,116 km² |
| Population | |
• 1992 estimate | 2,318,000 |
The Mongolian People's Republic was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992. Under socialism, the life expectancy increased and illiteracy was eliminated.[1]
History
Revolution
See main article: Mongolian People's Revolution
Mongolia was feudal society and part of the Qing Dynasty until its collapse in 1911. In 1921, with the support of the Soviet Red Army, the Mongolian Revolutionary Army captured the capital city of Örgöö, which was renamed Ulaanbaatar. The Bogd Khan kept the title of limited monarch but no longer held actual power.[2]:297–300
Founding
On 1924 June 3, the Politburo of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee created a plan for forming a republican government. After the Third Party Congress in 1924 August, elections to the Grand Hural were held. 77 delegates were elected, including 71 peasants (arat), six former nobles, 44 Party members, and six members of the Revolutionary Youth League. The Hural opened on November 8.[2]:315–6
On 1924 November 26, the Grand Hural approved Mongolia's first constitution and proclaimed the People's Republic of Mongolia.[2] It launched a policy of liquidating the aristocracy and clergy, who still controlled 30% of the country's livestock,[1] and recognized the independence of the Tuvan People's Republic in 1925.
The publication Ünen (Mongolian: Үнэн), meaning "truth", was the central organ of the MPRP.[3][4]
Construction of socialism
In September 1926, Mongolia separated the church and state.[5]
In 1929 and 1930, more than 600 estates were expropriated from feudal lords and their livestock was divided among poor peasants.[5]
Sino-Soviet Split
For the first decade after the Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia was neutral. In January 1966, Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed a mutual defense treaty. In the first half of 1969, over 4,000 livestock shelters were built that were capable of protecting over 1.8 million animals from the cold.[6]
Counterrevolution
In 1990, a color revolution occurred and bourgeois parties were allowed to compete in elections. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party still won but eventually became a social democratic party by 1991.[7] The current constitution of Mongolia was adopted in 1992. After the adoption of the new constitution, the name of the state became "Mongolia".[8]
Government
Central government
Hurals, a rural variation of soviets, governed Mongolia. The Grand Hural, initially composed of 77 delegates, held supreme power and elected a 30-member Little Hural to administer between its sessions. The Little Hural elected a Presidium of five members and 12-member executive government.[2]:316–9
Local government
Local hurals existed in addition to the Grand Hural.[2]:318
Elections
Under the MPR's 1924 constitution, soldiers and all citizens aged 18 or older who earned a livelihood with their own labour could vote regardless of gender. Former members of the clergy and secular nobility could not vote.[2]:316
Space program
In 1978, aeronautical engineer Jügderdemidiin Gürragcha (Mongolian: Жүгдэрдэмидийн Гүррагчаа) was selected to participate in the Soviet Union’s eighth international Intercosmos mission, as a researcher on the Soyuz 39 mission. On March 22, 1981, he launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, becoming the first Mongolian cosmonaut. He spent nearly eight days in space, carrying out scientific experiments on the Soviet space station Salyut 6. Gurragcha left the space program on March 30, 1981, and was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.[9]
Further reading
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "History of Socialism in the Mongolian People’s Republic" (2020-07-17). Oktyabr. Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 A. A. Guber, et al. (1973). History of the Mongolian People's Republic: 'The Mongolian People's Revolution and the Proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic'.
- ↑ Akiner, Shirin. "Mongolia Today." 1991. Kegan Paul International, Central Asia Research Forum, London.
- ↑ "Определение ""Унэн"" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии" [Definition of "Unen" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia]. bse.sci-lib.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2021-10-05.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Y. M. Zhukov, et al. (1973). History of the Mongolian People's Republic (pp. 320–328).
- ↑ Robert A. Smith (1970). Mongolia: In the Soviet Camp (pp. 25–29). University of California Press.
- ↑ Dieter Nohlen, et al. (2001). Elections in Asia: A data handbook (p. 490). ISBN 0199249598
- ↑ "Mongolia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2001." Constitute Project. PDF generated 27 Apr 2022. Archived 2022-05-08.
- ↑ “Jugderdemidiin Gurragcha | Mongolian Cosmonaut.” In Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived 2022-11-22.