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Revision as of 03:50, 9 August 2023
Pan-Africanism is an anti-colonial movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African descent. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Americas and Europe.[1][2] Pan-Africanism advocates for the unification of Africa under a socialist government against colonialism and neocolonialism.[3]
Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization[4] and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the "Back to Africa" movements of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.[5]
At its core, Pan-Africanism is a belief that "African people, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny".[6] Pan-Africanist intellectual, cultural and political movements tend to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single "race" and sharing cultural unity. Pan-Africanism posits a sense of a shared historical fate for Africans in America, West Indies and on the continent itself centered on the Atlantic trade in slaves, African slavery and European imperialism.[7]
The Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its Member States and to promote global relations within the framework of the United Nations.[8] The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Johannesburg and Midrand.[9]
History
Early History of Panafricanism (until 1900)
Pan-Africanism and Garveyism
Pan-African Congresses and Du Bois
Pan-Africanism and Communism
Precursors to Negritude and Negritude
From the Italian Invasion of Ethiopia to the Manchester Congress (1935-1945)
Pan-Africanism between World War II and Decolonization
Founding of the Organisation of African Unity
Black Power
The Formation of the African Union
Cultural History of Pan-Africanism
The Structure and Function of the African Union
Important Thinkers and (Revolutionary) Leaders
Some important thinkers and leaders situated broadly within the Pan-african tradition are listed here as follows[10]:
- Dusé Mohamed Ali
- Ahmed Ben Bella
- Edward Wilmot Blyden
- Amilcar Lopes Cabral
- Aimé Césaire
- Quobna Ottobah Cugoano
- Constance Cummings-John
- Martin Robinson Delany
- Cheikh Anta Diop
- W.E.B. Du Bois
- Olaudah Equiano
- Nathaniel Akinremi Fadipe
- Frantz Fanon
- Amy Ashwood Garvey
- Marcus Garvey
- Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford
- James Africanus Beale Horton
- W. Alphaeus Hunton
- C.L.R. James
- Claudia Jones
- Toussaint L’Ouverture
- Patrice Émery Lumumba
- Ras T. Makonnen
- Malcolm X
- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
- Harold Moody
- Jamal Abd al-Nasir [Nasser]
- Francis Nwia Kofi
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Julius Kambarage Nyerere
- George Padmore
- Paul Leroy Robeson
- Walter Rodney
- Léopold Sédar Senghor
- Ladipo Felix Solanke
- Sékou Ahmed Touré
- I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson
- Eric Williams
- Henry Sylvester Williams
Contemporary Pan-Africanism and Pan-African Organizations
Former Pan-Africanist Organisations
See also
References
- ↑ David Austin (Fall 2007). All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada. Journal of African American History, vol.92 (pp. 516–539). doi: 10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516 [HUB]
- ↑ Omotayo Oloruntoba-Oju (December 2012). Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama, vol. 5. Journal of Pan African Studies.
- ↑ All African People's Revolutionary Party (2022-09-28). "What is Nkrumahism-Touréism?" Black Agenda Report. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
- ↑ Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen, Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century.
- ↑ Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), History: Learner's Book, p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.
- ↑ Makalani, Minkah (2011), "Pan-Africanism". Africana Age.
- ↑ New Dictionary of the History of Ideas (2005). The Gale Group, Inc..
- ↑ About the African Union Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ "Pan-Africanism". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ Hakim Adi & Maika Sherwood (2003). Pan-African History: Poltical figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). [LG]