De-dollarization

De-dollarization is the transition away from usage of the US dollar and towards other currencies. It is a global macroeconomic trend with geopolitical ramifications, illustrating the decline of US imperial hegemony and the rise of multi-polarity on the world stage.

Below are some specific situations where dollars might be substituted for other currencies:

• Trading oil and / or other commodities (Petrodollar)
• Holding as a reserve asset to ensure central bank capitalization in the form of foreign exchange (forex) reserves
• Bilateral trade agreements
• Dollar-denominated assets

Since the establishment of Bretton Woods system in 1944, the US dollar has been used as the medium for international trade. In recent years, several countries are transitioning to trade in national currencies.

Notable examples

Iraq's use of Euro

In October of 2000, Iraq announced it would price its oil sales in the Euro, moving away from the US dollar which Saddam described as "the currency of the enemy" Iraq was invaded by the USA three years later, in 2003, after which time the oil markets were reverted to being priced in USD.

African Gold Dinar

In 2009, Muammar Gaddafi, leader of Libya and President of the African Union at the time, suggested to the States of the African continent to switch to a new currency, independent of the American dollar: the gold dinar. Two years later in 2011, Libya was invaded by NATO, and Gaddafi was killed.

Central Banks buying gold

Russia and China's central banks are among the largest buyers of gold in the late 2010s and into the 2020s. This shows a clear preference for accumulating hard assets as the perception of dollar-weakness (and US weakness) grows.