Mongolia

Mongolia Монгол Улс
Flag Coat of arms
Capital and largest city	Ulaanbaatar
Official languages	Mongolian
Dominant mode of production	Capitalism
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
• Prime Minister	Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
Area
• Total	1,564,116 km²
Population
• 2020 estimate	3,227,863

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia. From 1924 to 1990, it was a socialist state known as the Mongolian People's Republic.

History

Ancient history

The first class society in Mongolia emerged with the Huns in the third century CE, and the first Mongol state was the Rouran Khaganate of the fourth through sixth centuries. Later feudal states included the Turkic Khaganate and Uyghur Khaganate. The feudal system developed further under the Liao dynasty of the 10th through 12th centuries.

Medieval history

See main article: Great Mongol Nation (1206–1368)

Mongolia unified into a single state in the 13th century. Genghis Khan made Mongolia a major military power and invaded China, Russia, and Iran, destroying their productive forces and halting development for many years. The empire soon collapsed due to internal contradictions and a lack of a shared economic base. Mongolia decentralized and local khans frequently fought each other for power.

Qing rule

The Qing dynasty conquered Mongolia during the 17th century due to feudal disunity and treachery by reactionary lamas. The Qing emperors strengthened feudalism and isolated Mongolia from the outside world. The princes Amursana and Chingunzhav led a rebellion against China from 1755 to 1758.

Bogd Khanate

A peasant rebellion against China in 1911 turned into a revolution that reestablished Mongolian independence and founded the theocratic Bogd Khanate. Chinese militarists occupied Mongolia in 1919, and Russian Whites did the same the next year.

Further reading

• History of the Mongolian People's Republic
  • Part 1: Prehistory to 1912
  • Part 2: 1912 to 1967