Philosophy is a broad range of exercises in thought with the ultimate goal of to unmasking parts of the world. According to Marx, "It is the immediate task of philosophy, which is in the service of history, to unmask self-estrangement in its unholy forms once the holy form of human self-estrangement has been unmasked".[1]
Hegel described philosophy as the science that "is the unity of art and religion" and as "cognition of the necessity in the content of the absolute picture-idea".[2][3]
Ancient philosophy
Greek philosophy
Plato
Stoicism
Chinese philosophy
Confucius
Classical bourgeois philosophy
Rationalism
The rationalists, led by René Descartes, criticized feudalism and the Catholic Church. He coined the phrase "I think therefore I am" and believed everything, including religion, should follow human reason. His ideas were progressive even though they relied on deductive reasoning instead of objective reality.[4]
Empiricism
David Hume and the empiricists believed experience from the senses was the only source of knowledge. They thought knowledge was merely a collection of facts that could not be generalized or processed.[4]
German idealism
Immanuel Kant tried to unify rationalism and empiricism by claiming that the material and ideal worlds exist separately and independently. He said the material world exists outside of human consciousness.
Hegel overcame Kant's dualism and proposed that ideas and material conditions are part of the same world. He believed that an absolute idea developed dialectically and influenced the material world. His philosophy was a major step forward but was flawed because it prioritized ideas over material reality.[4]
Proletarian philosophy
Marx and Engels
Marx once stated that "As philosophy finds its material weapon in the proletariat, so the proletariat finds its spiritual weapon in philosophy."[1] It was Marx who first brought philosophy from the bourgeois world into the proletarian side, and fashioned it into a weapon for the proletariat.
Of philosophy Marx states that "You cannot abolish philosophy without making it a reality"[1], and perhaps more famously that "The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it",[5] marking the distinction between proletarian and bourgeois philosophy.
Lenin
Mao
Contemporary bourgeois philosophy
Existentialism
Irrationalism
Postmodernism
See main article: Postmodernism
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Karl Marx (1843). A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: 'Introduction'.
- ↑ G.W.F. Hegel (1971). Hegel's encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences translated by William Wallace: 'Absolute Mind; Philosophy' (p. 302).
- ↑ Hamid Alizadeh (2020-08-27). "In Defence of Hegel" Socialist Appeal. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hamid Alizadeh (2020-08-27). "In Defence of Hegel" Socialist Appeal. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01.
- ↑ Karl Marx (1845). Theses On Feuerbach.