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'''Psychiatry''' is a [[pseudoscience]] based on the idea of mental disorders (or mental illness); the notion of mental disorders are not based in any form of material analysis or science.<ref name=:myth>{{Citation|chapter=Conclusion|title=THE MYTH OF MENTAL ILLNESS|author=Thomas Stephen Szasz|pdf=https://depts.washington.edu/psychres/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/100-Papers-in-Clinical-Psychiatry-Conceptual-issues-in-psychiatry-The-Myth-of-Mental-Illness.pdf}}</ref>
{{Message box/ideologicalconflict}}[[File:Psi and Caduceus symbol.png|thumb|224x224px|Symbol often used to represent psychiatry]]{{Distinguish|[[psychology]]}}
'''Psychiatry''' is a field which is concerned with the analysis and treatment of mental health disorders. It  is treated as a medical specialty by governments, psychiatrist institutions, medical schools and pharmaceutical companies.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Renato D. Alarcón|newspaper=Psychiatric Times|title=Psychiatry and Its Dichotomies|date=2016-5-20|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychiatry-and-its-dichotomies|retrieved=2022-9-6}}</ref>


Psychiatrists are licensed persons that have the ability to diagnose people with mental disorders and prescribe drugs for treatment of mental disorders.
Psychiatrists are doctors that have the ability to diagnose people with mental disorders. They have graduated from medical school and chose to specialise in psychiatry after their residency (in-person training in a hospital or clinic for a few years). This can make them quite different to psychotherapists (a more general term usually given to clinical psychologists), but allows them to prescribe medication.


== History ==
==History==


Bethlehem Royal Hospital is the first psychiatric institution formed in 1377.
Bethlehem Royal Hospital, the first psychiatric institution in the world, formed in 1377.


=== Psychiatry in [[Nazi Germany]] ===
===Nazi Germany===


Psychiatry was an asset used in Nazi Germany's mass extermination of disabled people.<ref>{{Citation|title=Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern
Psychiatry was a tool used in [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] to justify the mass extermination of [[Disability|disabled]] people.<ref>{{Citation|title=Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern
professional|author=Rael D Strous|doi=10.1186/1744-859X-6-8|publisher=Annals of General Psychiatry}}</ref>
professional|author=Rael D Strous|doi=10.1186/1744-859X-6-8|publisher=Annals of General Psychiatry}}</ref>


=== Formation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ===
===Formation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual===


The first version of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]] (DSM) was formed in 1952 by the [[American Psychiatric Association]].
The first version of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]] (DSM) was formed in 1952 by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. The DSM is currently on its fifth version, released in 2013. While it is mostly meant for the [[United States of America|USA]], psychiatrist associations the world over use it as an official guide to diagnose.


==Scientific Review==
==Criticism==


===Psychiatric Diagnoses===
=== Anti-psychiatry movement ===
{{Main article|Anti-psychiatry}}
Psychiatry is denounced as a pseudoscience by some anti-psychiatry advocates and physicians, such as Peter Gøtzsche.<ref>{{Citation|title=Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial|author=Peter C. Gøtzsche|year=2015|publisher=People's Press|isbn=978-87-7159-623-6}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Peter C. Gøtzsche|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=9781846198847|title=Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare }}</ref>


Psychiatric diagnoses have been proven to be consistently unreliable for any scientific usage.
===Connections to pharmacy industry===
 
Psychiatric diagnoses do not use and require any objective analysis; lack scientific research to justify the criteria for the disorders; and do not hold discernible consistent criteria. Most psychiatric disorders are diagnosed through subjective analysis by a psychiatrist.
 
===Psychiatric Drugs===
 
Psychiatric drugs have been repeatedly proven to be unreliable in accomplishing their goals (defined by companies) and dangerous to the human body.
 
Pharmaceutical companies manipulate the bias of the studies to favor psychiatric drugs.
 
====Antidepressants====
 
Antidepressants are negligibly more effective than placebo drugs.<ref>{{Citation|title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive
disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis|doi=10.1016/
S0140-6736(17)32802-7|author=Andrea Cipriani, Toshi A Furukawa|year=2018|publisher=Lancet}}</ref>
 
=== Chemical Imbalance Theory ===
 
The chemical imbalance theory is a quack theory which suggested that a lack of serotonin causes Major Depression Disorder. It was generated by pharmaceutical marketing campaigns for antidepressants around the 1970s.
 
The chemical imbalance theory has since been disproved.<ref>{{Citation|title=The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence.|author=Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth E. Cooper, Tom Stockmann|publisher=Molecular Psychiatry|pdf=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0.pdf|doi=10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0|year=2022}}</ref> Major Depression Disorder has also been found to have scare objective biomarkers and biological models.<ref>{{Citation|title=Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis|doi=10.1038/s41380-019-0585-z|author=Mark Horowitz, Joanna Moncrieff|publisher=Molecular Psychiatry}}</ref>
 
Psychiatrists Andrew McIntosh<ref name='response to serotonin disproval study'>{{News citation|title=Depression: low serotonin may not be the cause – but antidepressants still work|url=https://theconversation.com/depression-low-serotonin-may-not-be-the-cause-but-antidepressants-still-work-187477|newspaper=The Conversation|author=Andrew M McIntosh, Cathryn Lewis|date=2022-07-22}}</ref>, Christopher Davey<ref>{{News citation|title=The chemical imbalance theory of depression is dead, but that doesn’t mean antidepressants don’t work|url=https://theconversation.com/the-chemical-imbalance-theory-of-depression-is-dead-but-that-doesnt-mean-antidepressants-dont-work-187769|newspaper=The Conversation|author=Christopher Davey|date=2022-08-02}}</ref>, and Genetic Epidemiologist Cathryn Lewis<ref name='response to serotonin disproval study' /> have responded to the study by claiming that antidepressants still work regardless if the chemical imbalance theory is wrong.
 
== Reputation ==
 
Psychiatry is widely denounced by [[antipsychiatry]] advocates and physicians, such as Peter Gøtzsche<ref>{{Citation|title=Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial|author=Peter C. Gøtzsche|year=2015|publisher=People's Press|isbn=978-87-7159-623-6}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Peter C. Gøtzsche|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=9781846198847|title=Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare }}</ref>.
 
Regardless, Psychiatry is still commonly treated as a science in cultures, often by psychiatrist institutions and pharmaceutical companies.
 
=== Connections to the Pharmacy Industry ===


Psychiatry is highly connected to the pharmaceutical industry.
Psychiatry is highly connected to the pharmaceutical industry.


=== Abuse ===
In 2008 APA was the focus of congressional investigations on how pharmaceutical industry money shapes the practices of nonprofit organizations that purport to be independent. The drug industry accounted in 2006 for about 30 percent of the association's $62.5 million in financing, half through drug advertisements in its journals and meeting exhibits, and the other half sponsoring fellowships, conferences and industry symposiums at its annual meeting.<ref>{{News citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/12/washington/12psych.html|title=Psychiatric Group Faces Scrutiny Over Drug Industry Ties|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Benedict Carey, Gardiner Harris|date=2008-07-12}}</ref>
 
Abusive psychiatric hospitals are often not revoked for clearance by commissions; despite the known abuse.<ref>{{News citation|title=Hospital Watchdog Gives Seal of Approval, Even After Problems Emerge|author=Stephanie Armour|date=2017-09-08|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/watchdog-awards-hospitals-seal-of-approval-even-after-problems-emerge-1504889146?mod=article_inline|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>


= References =
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Latest revision as of 19:28, 28 January 2023

This article is currently undergoing an ideological dispute over its content; be critical of the information presented, and make sure to establish a consensus with comrades before making edits.
Symbol often used to represent psychiatry
Not to be confused with psychology

Psychiatry is a field which is concerned with the analysis and treatment of mental health disorders. It is treated as a medical specialty by governments, psychiatrist institutions, medical schools and pharmaceutical companies.[1]

Psychiatrists are doctors that have the ability to diagnose people with mental disorders. They have graduated from medical school and chose to specialise in psychiatry after their residency (in-person training in a hospital or clinic for a few years). This can make them quite different to psychotherapists (a more general term usually given to clinical psychologists), but allows them to prescribe medication.

History

Bethlehem Royal Hospital, the first psychiatric institution in the world, formed in 1377.

Nazi Germany

Psychiatry was a tool used in Nazi Germany to justify the mass extermination of disabled people.[2]

Formation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

The first version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) was formed in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM is currently on its fifth version, released in 2013. While it is mostly meant for the USA, psychiatrist associations the world over use it as an official guide to diagnose.

Criticism

Anti-psychiatry movement

See main article: Anti-psychiatry

Psychiatry is denounced as a pseudoscience by some anti-psychiatry advocates and physicians, such as Peter Gøtzsche.[3][4]

Connections to pharmacy industry

Psychiatry is highly connected to the pharmaceutical industry.

In 2008 APA was the focus of congressional investigations on how pharmaceutical industry money shapes the practices of nonprofit organizations that purport to be independent. The drug industry accounted in 2006 for about 30 percent of the association's $62.5 million in financing, half through drug advertisements in its journals and meeting exhibits, and the other half sponsoring fellowships, conferences and industry symposiums at its annual meeting.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Renato D. Alarcón (2016-5-20). "Psychiatry and Its Dichotomies" Psychiatric Times. Retrieved 2022-9-6.
  2. ↑ Rael D Strous. Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern professional. Annals of General Psychiatry. doi: 10.1186/1744-859X-6-8 [HUB]
  3. ↑ Peter C. Gøtzsche (2015). Deadly Psychiatry and Organised Denial. People's Press. ISBN 978-87-7159-623-6
  4. ↑ Peter C. Gøtzsche (2013). Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781846198847
  5. ↑ Benedict Carey, Gardiner Harris (2008-07-12). "Psychiatric Group Faces Scrutiny Over Drug Industry Ties" The New York Times.
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