Operation Gladio was a covert CIA / NATO intelligence operation designed to prevent communists from achieving political power, espeically through violentely disrupting democratic elections where communists woud've likely won.[1][2]
It was a clandestine "stay-behind" operation of armed resistance that were organized by the Western Union (WU), and subsequently by NATO and the CIA,[3][4][5] in collaboration with several European intelligence agencies.[6] Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organizations, "Operation Gladio" is used as an informal name for all of them.[7]
During the Cold War, some anti-communist armed groups engaged in the harassment of left-wing parties, torture, terrorist attacks, and massacres in countries such as Italy.[8][9][10][11] The role of the CIA and other intelligence organisations in Gladio—the extent of its activities during the Cold War era and any responsibility for terrorist attacks perpetrated in Italy during the "Years of Lead" (late 1960s to early 1980s)—are the subject of debate.
Researcher Francesco Cacciatore, in an article based on recently de-classified documents, writes that a "note from March 1972 specified that the possibility of using ‘Gladio’ in the event of internal subversions, not provided for by the organization’s statute and not supported by NATO directives or plans, was outside the scope of the original stay-behind and, therefore, ‘never to be considered among the purposes of the operation’. The pressure put forward by the Americans during the 1960s to use ‘Gladio’ for purposes other than those of a stay-behind network would appear to have failed in the long term."[12]
To date, only Italy, Switzerland and Belgium have had parliamentary inquiries into the matter.[13][14] Guido Salvini, a judge who worked in the Italian Massacres Commission, concluded that some right-wing terrorist organizations of the Years of Lead: La Fenice, National Vanguard and Ordine Nuovo were the trench troops of a secret army, remotely controlled by exponents of the Italian state apparatus and linked to the CIA.[15] Salvini said that the CIA encouraged them to commit atrocities.[16] The Swiss inquiry found that British intelligence secretly cooperated with their army in an operation named P-26 and provided training in combat, communications, and sabotage.[17]
Similar operations
In modern times, intelligence agencies carry out similar operations. An example of this is the Spanish intelligence agency backed an ISIS terror attack to scare Catalan independence supporters.[18]
References
- ↑ Terrorists 'helped by CIA' to stop rise of left in Italy
- ↑ "Inside Operation Gladio: How NATO supported Nazis and terrorists" (2022-05-05). Multipolarista.
- ↑ Clare Pedrick (1990-11-14). "CIA organized secret army in Western Europe" The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
- ↑ Philip Agee & Louis Wolf (1978). Dirty Work: the CIA in Western Europe.
- ↑ "Secret anti-communist network exposed in Norway in 1978" (1990-11-14). Associated Press.
- ↑ Daniele Ganser (2004). NATO's secret armies: Operation GLADIO and terrorism in Western Europe.
- ↑ Clyde Haberman (1990-11-16). "Evolution in Europe: Italy discloses its web of Cold War guerrillas" The New York Times.
- ↑ Mario Del Pero (2001). The United States and "Psychological Warfare" in Italy, 1948-1955. The Journal of American History, vol.87 (pp. 1304–1334). doi: 10.2307/2674730 [HUB]
- ↑ Daniele Ganser (2006-10-01). The CIA in Western Europe and the abuse of human rights. Intelligence and National Security, vol.21 (pp. 760–781). doi: 10.1080/02684520600957712 [HUB]
- ↑ Philip Willan (2002). Puppetmasters: the political use of terrorism in Italy.
- ↑ Paul L. Williams (2015). Operation Gladio: the unholy alliance between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia.
- ↑ Francesco Cacciatore (2021). Stay-behind networks and interim flexible strategy: the ‘Gladio’ case and US covert intervention in Italy in the Cold War. Intelligence and National Security, vol.36. doi: 10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436 [HUB]
- ↑ "Belgian parliamentary report concerning the stay-behind network", named "Enquête parlementaire sur l'existence en Belgique d'un réseau de renseignements clandestin international" or "Parlementair onderzoek met betrekking tot het bestaan in België van een clandestien internationaal inlichtingenetwerk" pp. 17–22
- ↑ Len Scott & R. Gerald Hughes (2008). Intelligence, Crises and Security: Prospects and Retrospects (p. 123). Routledge.
- ↑ "La Repubblica/fatti: Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente Usa" (1998-02-11). Repubblica.it. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
- ↑ "Three jailed for 1969 Milan bomb" (2001-07-02). The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
- ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard. UK trained secret Swiss force" in The Guardian, September 20, 1991, p. 7.
- ↑ Ben Norton. "Spanish spy agency backed terror attack to 'scare' Catalan independence supporters" Moderate Rebels.