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Federal Republic of Somalia: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox country|name=Federal Republic of Somalia|native_name=Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya<br>جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|image_flag=Flag of Somalia.svg|largest_city=[[Mogadishu]]|image_coat=Somalia COA.svg|capital=[[Mogadishu]]|image_map=Somalia map.svg|map_width=260|map_caption=Light green territory disputed with [[Somaliland]]|official_languages=Somali<br>Arabic|area_km2=637,657|population_estimate=15,893,219|population_estimate_year=2020}}
{{Infobox country|name=Federal Republic of Somalia|native_name=Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya<br>جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|image_flag=Flag of Somalia.svg|largest_city=[[Mogadishu]]|government_type=Federal parliamentary constitutional republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]]|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Hamza Abdi Barre]]|image_coat=Somalia COA.svg|capital=[[Mogadishu]]|image_map=Somalia map.svg|map_width=260|map_caption=Light green territory disputed with [[Somaliland]]|official_languages=Somali<br>Arabic|demonym=Somali|area_km2=637,657|population_estimate=18,143,378|population_estimate_year=2023}}
'''Somalia''', (Somali: Somaliya), officially the '''Federal Republic of Somalia''', (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; (Arabic: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية), is a country in the Horn of Africa, located in East Africa.
The '''Federal Republic of Somalia''', also known as '''Somalia''', is a country in [[East Africa]] located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by [[Republic of Kenya|Kenya]] to the southwest, [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] to the west and [[Republic of Djibouti|Djibouti]] to the northwest as well as having an eastern coast on the [[Indian Ocean]].


== Geography ==
== History ==
Somalia is bordered by, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya, as well as the Gulf of Aden, and the Indian Ocean to the north and east. The capital city of Mogadishu (Somali: Moqdishu), one of the fastest growing cities in Africa, is located in the south of the country.


=== Administrative Divisions ===
=== Colonialization ===
The Federal Republic of Somalia is divided into six federal states, and 18 regions. In the self-recognized self-governing nation of Somaliland recognizes itself as a fully independent nation, of Somalia with its capital of Hargeisa, with six regions, with their own flag, government, military, police, and passports, etc., which today is unrecognized by the UN (United Nations). At the very tip of the horn, is the federal state of Puntland, made up of three regions, and in 1998 it declared autonomy, but aren't and doesn't claim independence from the Somali state. Disputes over the eastern border of Puntland and Somaliland, as well as Khatumo which wanted independence. The central border with Ethiopia is disputed and not properly demarcated. Furthering complications the region that inhabits the border, in Ethiopia is named, the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Somali Region.<nowiki>''</nowiki> (Somali: Deegaanka Soomaalida), primarily inhabited by ethnic Somalis. In general Somalis <nowiki>''</nowiki>generally<nowiki>''</nowiki> refer to this region as <nowiki>''</nowiki>Greater Somalia<nowiki>''</nowiki>, which includes areas of historical Somali areas, extending from the southern part of Djibouti, all the way down to Ethiopia to east Kenya. Somalia has the longest coast in Africa, as long as 3,333 km (2,070mi), gives Somalia a perfect place to build deep water ports, some apart of the largest in Africa, like Mogadishu Port, Kismayo in the south, and in Somaliland (Somalia), Berbera Port in the north, is the busiest port in the Gulf of Aden.
In the late 19th century and early 20th century the region of Somalia was partitioned between the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] powers of [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] and [[French Republic|France]] (the latter's colony of French Somaliland would later become Djibouti). This [[Colonialism|colonization]] spurred on a [[national liberation]] movement led by [[Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh Hassan]] which lasted from 1899 to 1920. The struggle against the imperialists forced the British to retreat to the coast in 1910 and in the wake of the [[First World War]] the rebels were given a reprieve, however, this would only last until 1919 with the Somalis being defeated in 1920.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=A. M. Khazanov|year=1979|title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|title-url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/somalia|chapter=Somalia|section=Historical survey}}</ref>


The Horn of Africa, which Somalia lies on, is a part of the greater Somali Plate that extends to the Indian Ocean to the east, and the Great African Rift to the west. This fault zone is what created the Gulf of Aden, including the four Yemeni islands off the coast. The passage between the Somali coast and the islands is called the Guardafui channel, which connects to the sub-section of the Indian Ocean, the Somali sea. Somalia's coast is mostly smooth and straight with minimal islands, excluding or including the islands off the sea border with Djibouti with the Sa'ad Ad' din Islands. Further east are the mangrove islands of the famous Alula Lagoon. Inland the country of Somalia can be divided into three main geographic zones. The humid (&) green zone in the south, the dry plateau in the central, as well as the dry mountainous area in the north mostly in the self-proclaimed state of Somaliland. In the mountain region, is the highest peak, Shimbiris, can be seen in the Al-Madow Mountain range, a unique forested range that gathers more precipitation through fog mist and winter rains than any other area, and mountain ranges of the Ogo/Karkaar Mountains that extends all the way towards the end of the horn. Following south the mountains fade and a dry flatter plateau descends like the Nugal Valley, and the Mudug Plain, speckled with perennial rivers, and wadis that dry up seasonally. This is known as the Haud, some of the best graze lands for livestock pastoralist peoples, especially the Hobyo grasslands, and shrublands along the eastern coast. This region ends at the border of the longest river in the country the Shebelle, at about 702 miles long, and a greener, and lush savannah, and forested area of Somalia beings. The Shebelle River dries up and ends, and only in the wet seasons does it continue to flow and connect with the second largest river, the Jubba in the southeast. This all means that Somalia has no inland permanent bodies of water.
The colonists seized the best of the land and a large portion of the livestock as well as taxing the native population whilst leaving them in [[poverty]]. The exploitation of the population intensified when the [[Fascism|fascists]] came to power in Italy but in both British and Italian Somaliland the living standards were low and industry was non-existent.<ref name=":0" />
 
In the [[Second World War]] Somalia was a battleground with the Italians seizing British Somaliland in August 1940 before the British drove the Italians out of Somalia in early 1941. During the war years a number of manufacturing industries sprung up allowing the establishment of a small local [[bourgeoisie]] and [[intelligentsia]] which in turn led to increased agitation for independence. In November 21, 1949 the [[United Nations|UN]] placed Italian Somaliland under international trusteeship but the Italians were still allowed to administrate and oppress the population.<ref name=":0" />
 
=== Independence ===
On June 26,1961 British Somaliland gained independence and on July 1 Italian Somaliland joined it to form the Somali Republic.<ref name=":0" />
 
=== Socialist era (1969–1991) ===
{{Main article|Somali Democratic Republic}}
 
=== Somali Civil War ===
The [[Somali National Movement]] fought against the socialist government of [[Siad Barre]] and overthrew him in 1991. Secessionists led by the SNM then split northwest Somalia from the rest of the country and formed the [[Republic of Somaliland]].<ref>{{Web citation|date=2023-01-17|title=Protests in breakaway Somaliland call for reunification with Somalia|url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/01/17/protests-in-breakaway-somaliland-call-for-for-reunification-with-somalia/|newspaper=[[Peoples Dispatch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127005326/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/01/17/protests-in-breakaway-somaliland-call-for-for-reunification-with-somalia/|archive-date=2023-01-27|retrieved=2023-01-29|author=Pavan Kulkarni}}</ref>
 
The [[United Nations]], led primarily by the [[United States of America|United States]], launched an [[Invasion of Somalia (1992)|invasion of Somalia in 1992]] and [[Invasion of Somalia (1993)|again in 1993]] under the guise of providing relief and humanitarian aid, when it was really killing thousands of Somalis. They sent troops to secure areas with oil fields owned by four Statesian corporations, those being [[Conoco]], [[Amoco]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], and [[Phillips 66]].<ref>{{Citation|author=William Blum|year=2002|title=Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower|chapter=A Concise History of United States Global Interventions,
1945 to the Present|isbn=9781842772201|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=29EED3C6906FF165E08303B9EAF66B4F|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacedas5bwprytpzcih6tof3ipede5uzmcvt47tfzwp4cptdau6vmjpy?filename=William%20Blum%20-%20Rogue%20State_%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20World%27s%20Only%20Superpower-Zed%20Books%20Ltd%20%282002%29.pdf|page=133–134}}</ref>
 
=== Modern era ===
In 2006, Somalia reunified under one government after over a decade of [[Somali Civil War]]. [[George W. Bush]] soon overthrew the government of Somalia with support from Ethiopia under [[Meles Zenawi]].<ref>{{News citation|author=Chris Banks|newspaper=[[Liberation News]]|title=U.S. troops sent back to Somalia: behind the Pentagon’s latest aggression|date=2022-05-22|url=https://www.liberationnews.org/u-s-troops-sent-back-to-somalia-behind-the-pentagons-latest-aggression/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605232529/https://www.liberationnews.org/u-s-troops-sent-back-to-somalia-behind-the-pentagons-latest-aggression/|archive-date=2022-06-05|retrieved=2022-06-20}}</ref>
 
== References ==
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:Global south]]
[[Category:African countries]]
[[Category:African countries]]

Latest revision as of 16:50, 29 August 2024

Federal Republic of Somalia
Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya
جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية
Flag of Federal Republic of Somalia
Flag
Coat of arms of Federal Republic of Somalia
Coat of arms
Light green territory disputed with Somaliland
Light green territory disputed with Somaliland
Capital
and largest city
Mogadishu
Official languagesSomali
Arabic
Demonym(s)Somali
GovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional republic
• President
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
• Prime Minister
Hamza Abdi Barre
Area
• Total
637,657 km²
Population
• 2023 estimate
18,143,378

The Federal Republic of Somalia, also known as Somalia, is a country in East Africa located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Kenya to the southwest, Ethiopia to the west and Djibouti to the northwest as well as having an eastern coast on the Indian Ocean.

History[edit | edit source]

Colonialization[edit | edit source]

In the late 19th century and early 20th century the region of Somalia was partitioned between the imperialist powers of Italy, the UK and France (the latter's colony of French Somaliland would later become Djibouti). This colonization spurred on a national liberation movement led by Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh Hassan which lasted from 1899 to 1920. The struggle against the imperialists forced the British to retreat to the coast in 1910 and in the wake of the First World War the rebels were given a reprieve, however, this would only last until 1919 with the Somalis being defeated in 1920.[1]

The colonists seized the best of the land and a large portion of the livestock as well as taxing the native population whilst leaving them in poverty. The exploitation of the population intensified when the fascists came to power in Italy but in both British and Italian Somaliland the living standards were low and industry was non-existent.[1]

In the Second World War Somalia was a battleground with the Italians seizing British Somaliland in August 1940 before the British drove the Italians out of Somalia in early 1941. During the war years a number of manufacturing industries sprung up allowing the establishment of a small local bourgeoisie and intelligentsia which in turn led to increased agitation for independence. In November 21, 1949 the UN placed Italian Somaliland under international trusteeship but the Italians were still allowed to administrate and oppress the population.[1]

Independence[edit | edit source]

On June 26,1961 British Somaliland gained independence and on July 1 Italian Somaliland joined it to form the Somali Republic.[1]

Socialist era (1969–1991)[edit | edit source]

See main article: Somali Democratic Republic

Somali Civil War[edit | edit source]

The Somali National Movement fought against the socialist government of Siad Barre and overthrew him in 1991. Secessionists led by the SNM then split northwest Somalia from the rest of the country and formed the Republic of Somaliland.[2]

The United Nations, led primarily by the United States, launched an invasion of Somalia in 1992 and again in 1993 under the guise of providing relief and humanitarian aid, when it was really killing thousands of Somalis. They sent troops to secure areas with oil fields owned by four Statesian corporations, those being Conoco, Amoco, Chevron, and Phillips 66.[3]

Modern era[edit | edit source]

In 2006, Somalia reunified under one government after over a decade of Somali Civil War. George W. Bush soon overthrew the government of Somalia with support from Ethiopia under Meles Zenawi.[4]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 A. M. Khazanov (1979). The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: 'Somalia; Historical survey'.
  2. ↑ Pavan Kulkarni (2023-01-17). "Protests in breakaway Somaliland call for reunification with Somalia" Peoples Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  3. ↑ William Blum (2002). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower: 'A Concise History of United States Global Interventions, 1945 to the Present' (pp. 133–134). [PDF] Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781842772201 [LG]
  4. ↑ Chris Banks (2022-05-22). "U.S. troops sent back to Somalia: behind the Pentagon’s latest aggression" Liberation News. Archived from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
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