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{{Infobox country|name=Republic of Poland|native_name=Rzeczpospolita Polska|image_map=EU poland.png|map_width=290|largest_city=[[Warsaw]]|capital=[[Warsaw]]|official_languages=Polish|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Andrzej Duda]]|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[ | {{Infobox country|name=Republic of Poland|native_name=Rzeczpospolita Polska|image_flag=Flag of Poland.svg|image_map=EU poland.png|map_width=290|largest_city=[[Warsaw]]|image_coat=Herb Polski.svg|capital=[[Warsaw]]|official_languages=Polish|demonym=Polish . Pole|mode_of_production=[[Capitalism]]|government_type=Unitary parliamentary republic|leader_title1=President|leader_name1=[[Andrzej Duda]]|leader_title2=Prime Minister|leader_name2=[[Donald Tusk]]|area_km2=312,696|population_census=38,036,118|population_census_year=2022}} | ||
'''Poland''', officially the '''Republic of Poland''', is a country in [[Central Europe]]. | '''Poland''', officially the '''Republic of Poland''', is a country in [[Central Europe]] bordered by [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Slovak Republic|Slovakia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Republic of Belarus|Belarus]], [[Republic of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and the [[Russian Federation|Russian]] exclave of [[Kaliningrad]], as well as having a northern coast on the [[Baltic Sea]]. It is governed by the [[reactionary]] [[Law and Justice]] party, which has introduced official [[LGBT+|LGBT]] free zones.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|author=Jeremy Kuzmarov|newspaper=[[CovertAction Magazine]]|title=Russian-Hating Dream of Brzezinski Clan Nears Fulfillment as Poland Agrees to Host Permanent U.S. Base and Turn Baltic Sea into NATO Lake|date=2022-07-16|url=https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/07/16/russian-hating-dream-of-brzezinski-clan-nears-fulfillment-as-poland-agrees-to-host-permanent-u-s-base-and-turn-baltic-sea-into-nato-lake/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716151531/https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/07/16/russian-hating-dream-of-brzezinski-clan-nears-fulfillment-as-poland-agrees-to-host-permanent-u-s-base-and-turn-baltic-sea-into-nato-lake/|archive-date=2022-07-16|retrieved=2022-07-18}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Kingdom of Poland === | |||
{{Main article|Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1795)}} | |||
=== Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth === | |||
{{Main article|Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1569–1795)}} | |||
=== Interwar period === | |||
{{Main article|Republic of Poland (1918–1939)}}Poland annexed the western parts of the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)|Byelorussian]] and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]<nowiki/>s in 1920 in the [[Polish–Soviet War]]. Polish leader [[Józef Piłsudski]] signed a non-aggression pact with [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] in 1934, and Poland annexed the Cieszyn region of [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)|Czechoslovakia]] in 1938. Poland lost its alliance with Germany when it refused to allow the Nazis to annex [[Free City of Danzig (1920–1939)|Danzig]].<ref name=":1">{{Web citation|newspaper=[[Politsturm]]|title=The Truth About The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|date=2018-05-09|url=https://us.politsturm.com/truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123120729/https://us.politsturm.com/truth-about-molotov-ribbentrop-pact/|archive-date=2021-01-23|retrieved=2022-08-30}}</ref> | |||
=== Second World War === | |||
Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. The Polish government quickly collapsed and its officials fled to [[Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)|Romania]] on 16 September. The [[Workers' and Peasants' Red Army|Red Army]] entered Poland the next day to protect the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]'s western borders.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
=== Socialist era === | |||
{{Main article|Polish People's Republic}} | |||
After being liberated by the Red Army in the [[Second World War]], Poland became a [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)|people's republic]].<ref>{{News citation|newspaper=[[TheFinnishBolshevik]]|title=The Most Recent Chapter in Anti-Communist Persecution in Poland|date=2020-10-29|url=https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2020/10/29/the-most-recent-chapter-in-anti-communist-persecution-in-poland/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810124608/https://mltheory.wordpress.com/2020/10/29/the-most-recent-chapter-in-anti-communist-persecution-in-poland/|archive-date=2021-08-10|retrieved=2022-05-29}}</ref> | |||
=== Capitalist counterrevolution === | |||
In 1989, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-backed [[Solidarity Citizens' Committee|Solidarity]] party led by [[Lech Wałęsa]] organized a [[counterrevolution]] to establish [[capitalism]].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Economy == | |||
=== Energy === | |||
Poland's electrical system is dominated by fossil fuel energy, and particularly coal power. Coal generated virtually all of the country's total electricity generation in 1990, and approximately 70% in 2021.<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=International Energy Agency|title=Poland|date=2022|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/poland|archive-url=https://archive.ph/neq5d|archive-date=2023-10-27|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> Renewable energy such as wind power generated 20% of the country's electricity in 2021, though its maximum generative capacity is almost double this.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kira Taylor|newspaper=Euractiv|title=Poland’s renewables capacity growing but coal still dominates – report|date=2023-05-14|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/polands-renewables-capacity-growing-but-coal-still-dominates-report/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/yHIcQ|archive-date=2023-10-27|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> It is the EU's second largest coal polluter and has 42 coal power plants, and the Belchatow Power Station, the largest of its kind in Europe, generates 20% of Poland's electricity alone. The Polish government therefore generally opposes measures to cut subsidies for coal power.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Gavin Maguire|newspaper=Reuters|title=Europe's clashes over coal may extend well beyond Poland|date=2023-06-20|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/europes-clashes-over-coal-may-extend-well-beyond-poland-2023-06-20/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/H61sx|archive-date=2023-06-20|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> | |||
Before the [[2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict]], Russian coal was a crucial part of Poland's energy mix. The sanctions that Poland placed on Russia officially banned coal imports from Russia, but nonetheless Russian coal continues to enter the country, with almost one million tonnes being brought into the country via ships, with coal flagged as being from Kazakhstan and other non-Russian countries.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Aleksandra Krzysztoszek|newspaper=Euractiv|title=Polish senator: Russian coal still flowing into Poland|date=2023-09-28|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/polish-senator-russian-coal-still-flowing-into-poland/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/p42D3|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> | |||
Polish government officials have insisted that nuclear power will be a core part of their green transition, and necessary to achieve climate targets. It does not currently have any functioning nuclear power plants, but wishes to have its first nuclear reactor begin construct in 2026, and operational by the early 2030s.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Kira Taylor|newspaper=Euractiv|title=Poland insists on nuclear’s role in green transition|date=2023-09-27|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/poland-insists-on-nuclears-role-in-green-transition/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/5orEz|archive-date=2023-09-27|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> In September 2023, this planned nuclear reactor, in Choczewo, passed the environmental decision, which is the pre-requisite for the decision to begin construction.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Wojciech Kosc|newspaper=Business News Europe|title=Poland’s first nuclear power plant clears key hurdle in ambitiously timed plan|date=2023-09-25|url=https://bne.eu/poland-s-first-nuclear-power-plant-clears-key-hurdle-in-ambitiously-timed-plan-294031/|archive-url=https://archive.ph/oOWYi|archive-date=2023-09-28|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> | |||
== Politics == | |||
=== 2020s === | |||
In October 2023, the Polish elections were held and the ruling Law and Justice party won the plurality of the votes but failed to achieve a majority. It is generally believed that the Law and Justice party has no viable way to form a coalition to achieve a majority in parliament. Former Prime Minister [[Donald Tusk]] is in command of an opposition bloc that collectively achieved a majority in parliament. In November 2023, the Law and Justice Party will attempt to form a coalition government under the incumbent Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki. If they fail, then Donald Tusk will likely become Poland's new Prime Minister.<ref>{{Web citation|author=VANESSA GERA|newspaper=Associated Press|title=Poland’s president calls for new parliament to hold first session Nov. 13|date=2023-10-26|url=https://apnews.com/article/poland-election-government-duda-47922395d28d55809f2689ac62376f27|archive-url=https://archive.ph/e22Ix|archive-date=2023-10-27|retrieved=2023-10-27}}</ref> | |||
=== Anti-communism === | |||
Right-wing president Andrzej Duda banned the [[Polish Communist Party (2002)|Communist Party of Poland]] and criminalized the promotion of communist ideas.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Military == | |||
=== NATO === | |||
Poland is currently occupied by approximately 10,000 [[United States of America|U.S.]] troops. In March 2018, Poland signed a $4.75 billion deal with arms dealer [[Raytheon Technologies|Raytheon]]. In April 2022, the U.S. agreed to send F-35 aircraft and Abrams tanks to Poland. In June 2022, [[Joe Biden]] announced that the United States would establish a permanent military base in Poland. Poland spends 3% of its GDP on its military, one of the highest levels in [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Countries]] | [[Category:Countries]] | ||
[[Category:Global north]] | [[Category:Global north]] | ||
[[Category:European countries]] | |||
Revision as of 19:12, 9 September 2024
| Republic of Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Warsaw |
| Official languages | Polish |
| Demonym(s) | Polish . Pole |
| Dominant mode of production | Capitalism |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary republic |
• President | Andrzej Duda |
• Prime Minister | Donald Tusk |
| Area | |
• Total | 312,696 km² |
| Population | |
• 2022 census | 38,036,118 |
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, as well as having a northern coast on the Baltic Sea. It is governed by the reactionary Law and Justice party, which has introduced official LGBT free zones.[1]
History
Kingdom of Poland
See main articles: Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385), Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1795)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
See main article: Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1569–1795)
Interwar period
See main article: Republic of Poland (1918–1939)
Poland annexed the western parts of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs in 1920 in the Polish–Soviet War. Polish leader Józef Piłsudski signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in 1934, and Poland annexed the Cieszyn region of Czechoslovakia in 1938. Poland lost its alliance with Germany when it refused to allow the Nazis to annex Danzig.[2]
Second World War
Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. The Polish government quickly collapsed and its officials fled to Romania on 16 September. The Red Army entered Poland the next day to protect the Soviet Union's western borders.[2]
Socialist era
See main article: Polish People's Republic
After being liberated by the Red Army in the Second World War, Poland became a socialist people's republic.[3]
Capitalist counterrevolution
In 1989, the CIA-backed Solidarity party led by Lech Wałęsa organized a counterrevolution to establish capitalism.[1]
Economy
Energy
Poland's electrical system is dominated by fossil fuel energy, and particularly coal power. Coal generated virtually all of the country's total electricity generation in 1990, and approximately 70% in 2021.[4] Renewable energy such as wind power generated 20% of the country's electricity in 2021, though its maximum generative capacity is almost double this.[5] It is the EU's second largest coal polluter and has 42 coal power plants, and the Belchatow Power Station, the largest of its kind in Europe, generates 20% of Poland's electricity alone. The Polish government therefore generally opposes measures to cut subsidies for coal power.[6]
Before the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict, Russian coal was a crucial part of Poland's energy mix. The sanctions that Poland placed on Russia officially banned coal imports from Russia, but nonetheless Russian coal continues to enter the country, with almost one million tonnes being brought into the country via ships, with coal flagged as being from Kazakhstan and other non-Russian countries.[7]
Polish government officials have insisted that nuclear power will be a core part of their green transition, and necessary to achieve climate targets. It does not currently have any functioning nuclear power plants, but wishes to have its first nuclear reactor begin construct in 2026, and operational by the early 2030s.[8] In September 2023, this planned nuclear reactor, in Choczewo, passed the environmental decision, which is the pre-requisite for the decision to begin construction.[9]
Politics
2020s
In October 2023, the Polish elections were held and the ruling Law and Justice party won the plurality of the votes but failed to achieve a majority. It is generally believed that the Law and Justice party has no viable way to form a coalition to achieve a majority in parliament. Former Prime Minister Donald Tusk is in command of an opposition bloc that collectively achieved a majority in parliament. In November 2023, the Law and Justice Party will attempt to form a coalition government under the incumbent Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki. If they fail, then Donald Tusk will likely become Poland's new Prime Minister.[10]
Anti-communism
Right-wing president Andrzej Duda banned the Communist Party of Poland and criminalized the promotion of communist ideas.[1]
Military
NATO
Poland is currently occupied by approximately 10,000 U.S. troops. In March 2018, Poland signed a $4.75 billion deal with arms dealer Raytheon. In April 2022, the U.S. agreed to send F-35 aircraft and Abrams tanks to Poland. In June 2022, Joe Biden announced that the United States would establish a permanent military base in Poland. Poland spends 3% of its GDP on its military, one of the highest levels in NATO.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Jeremy Kuzmarov (2022-07-16). "Russian-Hating Dream of Brzezinski Clan Nears Fulfillment as Poland Agrees to Host Permanent U.S. Base and Turn Baltic Sea into NATO Lake" CovertAction Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-07-16. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Truth About The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" (2018-05-09). Politsturm. Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
- ↑ "The Most Recent Chapter in Anti-Communist Persecution in Poland" (2020-10-29). TheFinnishBolshevik. Archived from the original on 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
- ↑ "Poland" (2022). International Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 2023-10-27. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ Kira Taylor (2023-05-14). "Poland’s renewables capacity growing but coal still dominates – report" Euractiv. Archived from the original on 2023-10-27. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ Gavin Maguire (2023-06-20). "Europe's clashes over coal may extend well beyond Poland" Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-06-20. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ Aleksandra Krzysztoszek (2023-09-28). "Polish senator: Russian coal still flowing into Poland" Euractiv. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ Kira Taylor (2023-09-27). "Poland insists on nuclear’s role in green transition" Euractiv. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ Wojciech Kosc (2023-09-25). "Poland’s first nuclear power plant clears key hurdle in ambitiously timed plan" Business News Europe. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ VANESSA GERA (2023-10-26). "Poland’s president calls for new parliament to hold first session Nov. 13" Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2023-10-27. Retrieved 2023-10-27.