Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country|name=Czechoslovak Republic|native_name=Československá republika ([[Czech language|Czech]])<br>Česko-slovenská republika ([[Slovak language|Slovak]])|image_flag=Czech flag.png|capital=[[Prague]]|largest_city=[[Prague]]|mode_of_production=Capitalism|flag_caption=The flag of Czechoslovakia, from 1920 to 1938.|official_languages=[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]]|common_languages=[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]] ([[Czech language|Czech]] · [[Slovak language|Slovak]]), [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Yiddish]]}} | {{Infobox country|name=Czechoslovak Republic|native_name=Československá republika ([[Czech language|Czech]])<br>Česko-slovenská republika ([[Slovak language|Slovak]])|image_flag=Czech flag.png|capital=[[Prague]]|largest_city=[[Prague]]|mode_of_production=Capitalism|flag_caption=The flag of Czechoslovakia, from 1920 to 1938.|official_languages=[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]]|common_languages=[[Czechoslovak language|Czechoslovak]] ([[Czech language|Czech]] · [[Slovak language|Slovak]]), [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Yiddish]]}} | ||
The '''(First) Czechoslovak Republic''' was a binational, multi-ethnic [[Bourgeois Democracy|bourgeois democratic]] state in [[Central Europe]]. | The '''(First) Czechoslovak Republic''' was a binational, multi-ethnic [[Bourgeois Democracy|bourgeois democratic]] state in [[Central Europe]] that existed during the [[Interwar Period]]. It was proclaimed by the [[Czechoslovak National Council]] in 1918 following the [[dissolution of Austria-Hungary]]. In 1938, with [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] and [[French Republic (1870–1940)|France]]'s grace, much of Czechoslovakia's territory was forcibly ceded over to [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] via the [[Munich Agreement]], with [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] and [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Poland]] also occupying parcels of land. This resulted in a major political crisis in Czechoslovakia and the resignation of then-[[President of Czechoslovakia|President]] [[Edvard Beneš]], thereby ending the First Republic. | ||
== History == | ==History == | ||
Throughout the 1930s, sensing that a German invasion was imminent, Czechoslovakia began to militarise, [[Czechoslovak border fortifications| | Throughout the 1930s, sensing that a German invasion was imminent, Czechoslovakia began to militarise, [[Czechoslovak border fortifications|sparking the construction of a line of fortifications along the German border]]. They built pillboxes, machine gun nests, and anti-tank obstacles. They also began developing their own small arms, tanks, and artillery pieces. | ||
During the early stages of the [[Second World War]], many of these Czechoslovak guns, tanks, artillery pieces, and anti-tank obstacles (e.g. the "[[Czech hedgehog]]") were used by Nazi Germany<ref><blockquote>''"Czech tanks are included [in the 'Axis Tanks' section], as many were subsequently taken over by the Germans during the invasion of France in 1940 and remained in production in Czechoslovakia after that country's occupation."''</blockquote> | |||
[[Chris Bishop (historian)|Chris Bishop]] (1988).: ''The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: A Comprehensive Guide to Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines.'' p. 9.</ref> or sold to neighbouring countries such as [[Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)|Romania]] and the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]]. | |||
==== International reaction ==== | === Munich Agreement=== | ||
In May 1938, Nazi Germany concentrated its troops on the Czechoslovak border. On 30 September, after nearly two weeks of an undeclared border war between the [[Sudeten German Freikorps]] (a terrorist organisation funded by the [[Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]) and the Czechoslovak state, British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Neville Chamberlain]] and French [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Édouard Daladier]] met in [[Munich]] with German leader [[Adolf Hitler]]. Without any input from Czechoslovakia itself, they agreed that Germany could annex the [[Sudetenland]], a region of Czechoslovakia inhabited primarily by [[Sudeten Germans|ethnic Germans]]. The Czechoslovak leadership had no choice but to go along with this decision. | |||
====International reaction==== | |||
In response to the German buildup along the Czechoslovak border, the Soviet Union sent 40 divisions to Czechoslovakia's western border and called up 330,000 reservists. After the Munich Agreement was made, [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] offered to defend the rest of Czechoslovakia in the event of a German invasion, but Czechoslovakia declined the offer.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=186}}</ref> | In response to the German buildup along the Czechoslovak border, the Soviet Union sent 40 divisions to Czechoslovakia's western border and called up 330,000 reservists. After the Munich Agreement was made, [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] offered to defend the rest of Czechoslovakia in the event of a German invasion, but Czechoslovakia declined the offer.<ref name=":022332">{{Citation|author=Ludo Martens|year=1996|title=Another View of Stalin|chapter=Stalin and the anti-fascist war|isbn=9782872620814|publisher=Editions EPO|pdf=https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceab64vxtxpqt2cdl4zsrsftmedqidn4foq74gr25qkd35z5nwogdi?filename=Ludo%20Martens%20-%20Another%20View%20of%20Stalin-Editions%20EPO%20%281996%29.pdf|page=186}}</ref> | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
<references /> | |||
Revision as of 09:08, 25 March 2023
| Czechoslovak Republic | |
|---|---|
 The flag of Czechoslovakia, from 1920 to 1938. | |
| Capital and largest city | Prague |
| Official languages | Czechoslovak |
| Common languages | Czechoslovak (Czech · Slovak), German, Hungarian, Polish, Romani, Rusyn, Yiddish |
| Dominant mode of production | Capitalism |
The (First) Czechoslovak Republic was a binational, multi-ethnic bourgeois democratic state in Central Europe that existed during the Interwar Period. It was proclaimed by the Czechoslovak National Council in 1918 following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. In 1938, with Britain and France's grace, much of Czechoslovakia's territory was forcibly ceded over to Nazi Germany via the Munich Agreement, with Hungary and Poland also occupying parcels of land. This resulted in a major political crisis in Czechoslovakia and the resignation of then-President Edvard Beneš, thereby ending the First Republic.
History
Throughout the 1930s, sensing that a German invasion was imminent, Czechoslovakia began to militarise, sparking the construction of a line of fortifications along the German border. They built pillboxes, machine gun nests, and anti-tank obstacles. They also began developing their own small arms, tanks, and artillery pieces.
During the early stages of the Second World War, many of these Czechoslovak guns, tanks, artillery pieces, and anti-tank obstacles (e.g. the "Czech hedgehog") were used by Nazi Germany[1] or sold to neighbouring countries such as Romania and the Soviet Union.
Munich Agreement
In May 1938, Nazi Germany concentrated its troops on the Czechoslovak border. On 30 September, after nearly two weeks of an undeclared border war between the Sudeten German Freikorps (a terrorist organisation funded by the German Army) and the Czechoslovak state, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier met in Munich with German leader Adolf Hitler. Without any input from Czechoslovakia itself, they agreed that Germany could annex the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia inhabited primarily by ethnic Germans. The Czechoslovak leadership had no choice but to go along with this decision.
International reaction
In response to the German buildup along the Czechoslovak border, the Soviet Union sent 40 divisions to Czechoslovakia's western border and called up 330,000 reservists. After the Munich Agreement was made, Stalin offered to defend the rest of Czechoslovakia in the event of a German invasion, but Czechoslovakia declined the offer.[2]
References
- ↑
"Czech tanks are included [in the 'Axis Tanks' section], as many were subsequently taken over by the Germans during the invasion of France in 1940 and remained in production in Czechoslovakia after that country's occupation."
Chris Bishop (1988).: The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: A Comprehensive Guide to Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines. p. 9.
- ↑ Ludo Martens (1996). Another View of Stalin: 'Stalin and the anti-fascist war' (p. 186). [PDF] Editions EPO. ISBN 9782872620814