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The '''Katyn massacre''' (not to be confused with the [[Khatyn massacre]]) refers to the mass executions of thousands of [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Polish]] soldiers and civilians (many of them [[Judaism|Jewish]]) by [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] in [[eastern Ukraine]] and [[western Russia]] between 1941 and 1943, | The '''Katyn massacre''' (not to be confused with the [[Khatyn massacre]]) refers to the mass executions of thousands of [[Republic of Poland (1918–1939)|Polish]] soldiers and civilians (many of them [[Judaism|Jewish]]) by [[German Reich (1933–1945)|Nazi Germany]] in [[eastern Ukraine]] and [[western Russia]] between 1941 and 1943, misattributed to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]] and the [[People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs|NKVD]] in particular by [[bourgeois]] historians. | ||
The massacres are named after the [[Katyn]] forest | The massacres are named after the [[Katyn]] forest, near the town of [[Smolensk]], as the mass graves were discovered there. On April 13, 1943, German authorities announced that they had discovered thousands of bodies of Polish POWs near Katyn, in an area of the Western Soviet Union then under German occupation. In their official report of summer-fall 1943, ''Amtliches Material zum Massenmord von Katyn'', the Germans claimed the Soviets had shot the Poles. The Polish government in exile in London worked with the Germans at Katyn, accepted the German account, and held the Soviets responsible. The Soviet government responded in the Burdenko Commission report, blaming the Germans.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In spite of the name of the massacre, many of the victims had in reality been murdered and buried in [[Kharkiv]] and [[Tver]].{{Citation needed}} | |||
In 2012, the [[Republic of Poland|Polish]] government announced that no more excavations could take place at the sites after the badge of a purported victim at Katyn ( | Although the Soviet government under [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and the [[Government of the Russian Federation|Russian government]] both acknowledged Soviet guilt for the massacre, there is substantial material evidence that the massacre was perpetrated by Nazi Germany.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Grover Furr|year=2013|title=The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?|publisher=Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129|doi=10.1080/08854300.2013.795268}}</ref> | ||
In 2012, the [[Republic of Poland|Polish]] government announced that no more excavations could take place at the sites after the badge of a purported victim at Katyn (whose name appears on the "official" Soviet documents) was found at another site of a massacre in Ukraine, that one attributed to the Nazis and committed no earlier than 1941. | |||
== Evidence of Nazi involvement == | == Evidence of Nazi involvement == | ||
[[File:Operation barbarossa 06-10 1941.png|thumb|436x436px|Map | [[File:Operation barbarossa 06-10 1941.png|thumb|436x436px|Map of the German invasion of the USSR, showing how in 1941, when the killings took place, Nazi Germany had already captured regions past the Katyn forest.]] | ||
Nazi Germany conquered Poland in 1939 and committed many massacres that looked very similar in nature to Katyn's in the following years. It was their modus operandi across Europe to shoot civilians from the back in front of a mass grave | Nazi Germany conquered Poland in 1939 and committed many massacres that looked very similar in nature to Katyn's in the following years. It was their modus operandi across Europe to shoot civilians (including children) from the back in front of a mass grave, both of which were unheard of from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Citation|author=Grover Furr|year=2013|title=The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?|publisher=Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129|doi=10.1080/08854300.2013.795268|quote=Some of the bodies were arranged in the “sardine-packing” (Sardinenpackung) formation favored by Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, commander of one of the Einsatzgruppen, extermination teams whose task it was to carry out mass executions. [...]<br>Also, a large percentage of the bodies in the mass graves are of children. The Soviets did not execute children. So the evidence is strong that this is a site of German, not Soviet, mass executions. This conclusion is confirmed by the recent research of other Ukrainian scholars concerning this very burial site. Relying on evidence from German war crimes trials, eyewitness testimony of Jewish survivors, and research by Polish historians on the large-scale massacres of Poles by Ukrainian Nationalists, Professor Ivan Katchanovski and Volodymyr Musychenko have established that the victims buried at this site were mainly Jews but also Poles and “Soviet activists.”}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Ivan Katchanovski|date=2012-12-13|title=Katyn in Reverse in Ukraine: Nazi-led Massacres turned into Soviet Massacres|url=https://www.opednews.com/populum/page.php?f=Katyn-in-Reverse-in-Ukrain-by-Ivan-Katchanovski-121212-435.html|newspaper=OpEdNews|retrieved=2022-01-30|quote=The executions in Volodymyr-Volynskyi were not an isolated phenomenon, but a widespread pattern of the Nazi-led mass murder during World War II in Ukraine. Both German and Soviet reports, archival documents, eyewitness testimonies, and academic studies, including my own forthcoming article, indicate that local militia in summer 1941 and then police, which were both controlled to a significant extent by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), assisted Nazi execution squads in the mass murder of Jews, Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians, in many locations in Ukraine, including Volodymyr Volynskyi.}}</ref> In 1943, as the Nazis were being pushed back from the USSR by the [[Red Army]], they discovered the site and alerted the public. In [[Joseph Goebbels]]' diaries from May 1943, he mentions that German munitions were found lodged in the bodies, but was initially unaware of German involvement.<ref>{{Citation|author=Joseph Goebbels|year=1970|title=The Goebbels diaries, 1942-1943|page=354|quote=Unfortunately German munitions were found in the graves of Katyn. The question of how they got there needs clarification. It is either a case of munitions sold by us during the period of our friendly arrangement with the Soviet Russians, or of the Soviets themselves throwing these munitions into the graves. In any case it is essential that this incident be kept top secret. If it were to come to the knowledge of the enemy the whole Katyn affair would have to be dropped.|publisher=Praeger|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=B12AD280974FA15DDE6468144110A69D}}</ref> Goebbels launched an extensive campaign to publicize the massacre and attribute it to the Soviets. He likely hoped to drive a wedge between the Allied forces to buy some time from an imminent defeat. The Nazis claimed that the massacre had been committed in 1940, which would have been before their arrival, but most of the bullets found inside the graves were of German manufacture produced no earlier than 1941.<ref>{{Citation|author=Grover Furr|year=2013|title=The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?|publisher=Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129|doi=10.1080/08854300.2013.795268|quote=Of 225 shells found in this grave, 205 are the German 1941 “Hasag” type, 17 are the German 1941 “Dürlach” type, 2 are of the unmarked 1930s Soviet type; and one is marked “B 1906.” Hence 98.67% of the shells are of 1941 German manufacture.}}</ref> | ||
Additionally, it was impossible for the USSR to use German ammunition with their weapons. The Red Army used the 7.62mm calibre<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Jerry D. Morelock|title=Red Army Riflemen , 1941-45|url=https://www.historynet.com/red-army-riflemen-1941-45.htm}}</ref> while the [[SS]] and [[Wehrmacht]] used the 7.92mm calibre; thus the bullets would not be compatible with typical Red Army weapons that could chamber up to 7.82mm calibre. For that contradiction to happen, the Red Army would have first needed access to German weapons and ammunition and, secondly, a reason to use them. The USSR had no reason to use German weapons and ammunition to pin the massacre on the Nazis as they were not the ones who publicized the massacre. Moreover, since Yeltsin later provided documents "signed" by [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Lavrentiy Beria|Beria]] to prove Soviet responsibility, the Red Army | Additionally, it was impossible for the USSR to use German ammunition with their weapons. The Red Army used the 7.62mm calibre<ref>{{News citation|journalist=Jerry D. Morelock|title=Red Army Riflemen , 1941-45|url=https://www.historynet.com/red-army-riflemen-1941-45.htm}}</ref> while the [[SS]] and [[Wehrmacht]] used the 7.92mm calibre;<ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Britannica|title=Mauser rifle|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/Mauser-rifle|quote=It has been chambered in a wide variety of calibres, but original German Mausers were all made in 7.92 mm.}}</ref><ref>{{Web citation|newspaper=Britannica|title=MG42|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/MG42|quote=The MG42 was designed in Germany in 1938, and it was placed in action on all fronts by mid-1942. Its original calibre was 7.92 mm.}}</ref> thus the bullets would not be compatible with typical Red Army weapons that could chamber up to 7.82mm calibre.{{Citation needed}} For that contradiction to happen, the Red Army would have first needed access to German weapons and ammunition and, secondly, a reason to use them. The USSR had no reason to use German weapons and ammunition to pin the massacre on the Nazis as they were not the ones who publicized the massacre. Moreover, since Yeltsin later provided documents "signed" by [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Lavrentiy Beria|Beria]] to prove Soviet responsibility, the Red Army could not have had any intention of denying their involvement in the massacre, making it very unlikely that they would have opted to use German weapons for this execution specifically.<ref group="original research">Please note this paragraph is original research. To our knowledge, no outside source has made such claims publicly.</ref> | ||
== Historical revisionism against the Soviets == | == Historical revisionism against the Soviets == | ||
Revision as of 12:14, 1 February 2024
The Katyn massacre (not to be confused with the Khatyn massacre) refers to the mass executions of thousands of Polish soldiers and civilians (many of them Jewish) by Nazi Germany in eastern Ukraine and western Russia between 1941 and 1943, misattributed to the Soviet Union and the NKVD in particular by bourgeois historians.
The massacres are named after the Katyn forest, near the town of Smolensk, as the mass graves were discovered there. On April 13, 1943, German authorities announced that they had discovered thousands of bodies of Polish POWs near Katyn, in an area of the Western Soviet Union then under German occupation. In their official report of summer-fall 1943, Amtliches Material zum Massenmord von Katyn, the Germans claimed the Soviets had shot the Poles. The Polish government in exile in London worked with the Germans at Katyn, accepted the German account, and held the Soviets responsible. The Soviet government responded in the Burdenko Commission report, blaming the Germans.[1]
In spite of the name of the massacre, many of the victims had in reality been murdered and buried in Kharkiv and Tver.[citation needed]
Although the Soviet government under Mikhail Gorbachev and the Russian government both acknowledged Soviet guilt for the massacre, there is substantial material evidence that the massacre was perpetrated by Nazi Germany.[1]
In 2012, the Polish government announced that no more excavations could take place at the sites after the badge of a purported victim at Katyn (whose name appears on the "official" Soviet documents) was found at another site of a massacre in Ukraine, that one attributed to the Nazis and committed no earlier than 1941.
Evidence of Nazi involvement
Nazi Germany conquered Poland in 1939 and committed many massacres that looked very similar in nature to Katyn's in the following years. It was their modus operandi across Europe to shoot civilians (including children) from the back in front of a mass grave, both of which were unheard of from the Soviet Union.[2][3] In 1943, as the Nazis were being pushed back from the USSR by the Red Army, they discovered the site and alerted the public. In Joseph Goebbels' diaries from May 1943, he mentions that German munitions were found lodged in the bodies, but was initially unaware of German involvement.[4] Goebbels launched an extensive campaign to publicize the massacre and attribute it to the Soviets. He likely hoped to drive a wedge between the Allied forces to buy some time from an imminent defeat. The Nazis claimed that the massacre had been committed in 1940, which would have been before their arrival, but most of the bullets found inside the graves were of German manufacture produced no earlier than 1941.[5]
Additionally, it was impossible for the USSR to use German ammunition with their weapons. The Red Army used the 7.62mm calibre[6] while the SS and Wehrmacht used the 7.92mm calibre;[7][8] thus the bullets would not be compatible with typical Red Army weapons that could chamber up to 7.82mm calibre.[citation needed] For that contradiction to happen, the Red Army would have first needed access to German weapons and ammunition and, secondly, a reason to use them. The USSR had no reason to use German weapons and ammunition to pin the massacre on the Nazis as they were not the ones who publicized the massacre. Moreover, since Yeltsin later provided documents "signed" by Stalin and Beria to prove Soviet responsibility, the Red Army could not have had any intention of denying their involvement in the massacre, making it very unlikely that they would have opted to use German weapons for this execution specifically.[original research 1]
Historical revisionism against the Soviets
After Germany "discovered" the site in 1943 and attributed it to the Soviets, the story was picked up by bourgeois states that fed it to their war-time media. In 1990, the dying Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev and soon Boris Yeltsin "admitted" that the Soviets were responsible for the massacre and, after the counter-revolution in the Soviet Union, under the Yeltsin government, produced documents signed by Stalin and Beria that "proved" Soviet responsibility.
Anti-communist historians claim that the NKVD, for example, moved prisoners of war from the Kozel‘sk, Starobelsk, and Ostashkov POW camps to various sites, including Katyn, to be executed. The language about execution however was forged by historians Anna M. Cienciala, Natalia S. Lebedeva, and Wojciech Materski.[9] The original documents, procured by Grover Furr who translated them himself, refer to prisoner transport and never mention executions.[10]
The power of attributing the massacre to the Soviets in bourgeois history lies in anti-communist arguments that equate the USSR (and thus communism) to Nazi Germany. This narrative also erases a war crime potentially committed by the Nazis – unsurprising once one learns the extent to which Nazi officers were rehabilitated, their past erased, to be used in the United States and German governments, as well as NATO. There is one simple question to ask, what would the Soviets gain from this massacre? Only bourgeois historians, feeding on their anti-communist delusions about Stalin, would find an answer: that the Soviets wanted to keep control of Poland and thus executed subversive elements. Principled marxist-leninists that have studied the Soviet Union themselves however know these delusions to be lies, and so this massacre would be the only one the USSR had ever committed; it would be completely out of place and was far more in line with the modus operandi of Nazi Germany. That is not to say however that the USSR did not have the death penalty and did not execute Nazi collaborators during war time.
Ties to Holocaust denial
The Katyn massacre is just as much Nazi propaganda today as it was 80 years ago. Neo-Nazis seek to diminish the scale of (or sometimes deny in its totality) the Holocaust, and one of the ways they do this is by falsely attributing the actions of Nazi leaders to Allied leaders, whether they be reformist social democrats like Franklin D. Roosevelt or communist revolutionaries such as Joseph Stalin. This includes but is not limited to the Katyn massacre. For example, Richard Verrall, a British Holocaust denier, wrote in the 1974 pamphlet Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth at Last that the Soviets were "attempting to blame the Katyn massacre on the Germans" in order to get them convicted of war crimes.[11] The publisher of this pamphlet, Ernst Zündel, also made mention of Katyn in advertisements.[12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grover Furr (2013). The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?. Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129. doi: 10.1080/08854300.2013.795268 [HUB]
- ↑ “Some of the bodies were arranged in the “sardine-packing” (Sardinenpackung) formation favored by Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, commander of one of the Einsatzgruppen, extermination teams whose task it was to carry out mass executions. [...]
Also, a large percentage of the bodies in the mass graves are of children. The Soviets did not execute children. So the evidence is strong that this is a site of German, not Soviet, mass executions. This conclusion is confirmed by the recent research of other Ukrainian scholars concerning this very burial site. Relying on evidence from German war crimes trials, eyewitness testimony of Jewish survivors, and research by Polish historians on the large-scale massacres of Poles by Ukrainian Nationalists, Professor Ivan Katchanovski and Volodymyr Musychenko have established that the victims buried at this site were mainly Jews but also Poles and “Soviet activists.””
Grover Furr (2013). The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?. Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129. doi: 10.1080/08854300.2013.795268 [HUB] - ↑ “The executions in Volodymyr-Volynskyi were not an isolated phenomenon, but a widespread pattern of the Nazi-led mass murder during World War II in Ukraine. Both German and Soviet reports, archival documents, eyewitness testimonies, and academic studies, including my own forthcoming article, indicate that local militia in summer 1941 and then police, which were both controlled to a significant extent by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), assisted Nazi execution squads in the mass murder of Jews, Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians, in many locations in Ukraine, including Volodymyr Volynskyi.”
Ivan Katchanovski (2012-12-13). "Katyn in Reverse in Ukraine: Nazi-led Massacres turned into Soviet Massacres" OpEdNews. Retrieved 2022-01-30. - ↑ “Unfortunately German munitions were found in the graves of Katyn. The question of how they got there needs clarification. It is either a case of munitions sold by us during the period of our friendly arrangement with the Soviet Russians, or of the Soviets themselves throwing these munitions into the graves. In any case it is essential that this incident be kept top secret. If it were to come to the knowledge of the enemy the whole Katyn affair would have to be dropped.”
Joseph Goebbels (1970). The Goebbels diaries, 1942-1943 (p. 354). Praeger. [LG] - ↑ “Of 225 shells found in this grave, 205 are the German 1941 “Hasag” type, 17 are the German 1941 “Dürlach” type, 2 are of the unmarked 1930s Soviet type; and one is marked “B 1906.” Hence 98.67% of the shells are of 1941 German manufacture.”
Grover Furr (2013). The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?. Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129. doi: 10.1080/08854300.2013.795268 [HUB] - ↑ Jerry D. Morelock. "Red Army Riflemen , 1941-45"
- ↑ “It has been chambered in a wide variety of calibres, but original German Mausers were all made in 7.92 mm.”
"Mauser rifle". Britannica. - ↑ “The MG42 was designed in Germany in 1938, and it was placed in action on all fronts by mid-1942. Its original calibre was 7.92 mm.”
"MG42". Britannica. - ↑ “The final death transport left Kozielsk... The last death transport left Ostashkov for Kalinin (Tver) on 19 May... lists of those to be sent out of the camps to be shot (doc. 62)... and reporting on the number sent to their death (doc. 65).”
Anna M. Cienciala, Natalia S. Lebedeva, Wojciech Materski (2007). Katyn: a crime without punishment. Yale University Press. - ↑ “It is important to note that not a single one of the documents themselves refers in any way to executions. In fact Document 53 cited by Cienciala explicitly states that the prisoners were being sent to labor camps. All of the documents referred to or reproduced in Part II of the Cienciala volume concern the transportation of prisoners from one camp to somewhere else. Not a single one of them refers to “executions,” “shooting,” “killing,” etc. All this language is added by Cienciala.”
Grover Furr (2013). The “official” version of the Katyn massacre disproven?. Socialism and Democracy, 27(2), 96–129. doi: 10.1080/08854300.2013.795268 [HUB] - ↑ Verrall, Richard (1974).: Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth at Last. Published by Ernst Zündel. p. 24; p. 41.
- ↑ No author (1994).: Volume CXXVII, Page 9 Advertisements. The Miscellany News. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
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