The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.[1][2]
The purpose of the organization was enumerated by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."[3][4]
Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with China or the Soviet Union, the movement still persisted throughout the Cold War, even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the Global South.
History
First Summit
Josip Tito met with Jawaharlal Nehru and Gamal Nasser in Yugoslavia in 1956 and scheduled NAM's founding conference for 1961.[5]:95
Second Summit
NAM held its second conference in Cairo in 1964 and announced support for the MPLA, PAIGC, FRELIMO, and any other organizations fighting against Portuguese colonialism.[5]:103
Fourth Summit
Algeria hosted the fourth summit in 1974 in Algiers, where Houari Boumédiène called for a New International Economic Order that prioritized economic independence over political freedom.[6]
Sixth Summit
In 1979, the NAM held its sixth summit in Havana. Julius Nyerere called for a big-tent approach and acknowledged that NAM member states had many different ideologies.[7]
Seventh Summit
At the seventh summit in New Delhi in 1983, Castro and the left wing of NAM clashed with the pro-liberal right wing led by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam of Singapore. Indira Gandhi minimized the leftward shift while also preventing an alliance with the United States.[8]:211–3 In 1983, NAM focused on the rights of Palestinians, ending apartheid in South Africa, and creating a zone of peace in the Indian Ocean.[8]:221
References
- ↑ "NAM Members & Observers". Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ↑ "About NAM". Non Aligned Movement. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ↑ "Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979". Archived from the original on 2011-06-11.
- ↑ "Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement". Board of Investment. Government of Pakistan. 2003.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Belgrade'. [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Algiers' (p. 132). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Havana' (p. 113). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'New Delhi' (pp. 211–3). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]