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{{Infobox settlement|native_name= | {{Infobox settlement|native_name=''བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།'' ([[Tibetan language|Tibetan]])<br>''西藏自治区'' ([[Mandarin]])|leader_title2=Director of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress|capital=[[Lhasa]]|leader_name4=Pabala Gelielangjie|leader_name3=Qi Zha La|leader_title4=Chairman of the CPPCC|leader_title3=Chairman of the People's Government|leader_name2=Luosang Jiangcun|leader_name1=Wu Yingjie|conventional_long_name=Xizang Autonomous Region|leader_title1=Party Secretary|GDP_nominal=USD $29,736,351,796|population_estimate=3,648,100|area_km2=1,228,400|settlement_type=Autonomous Region|image_map_size=220px|image_map=Tibet map.svg|largest_city=[[Lhasa]]}} | ||
The ''' | The '''Xizang Autonomous Region''' ([[Tibetan language|Tibetan]] ''བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།''; [[Mandarin]] ''西藏自治区''), formerly known as the '''Tibet Autonomous Region''' in English and commonly known as '''Tibet''' or '''Böd''', is a province-level autonomous region in southwest [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It is home to the Tibetan ethnic group and the Tibetic languages, which are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The autonomous region covers most of what is known as the Tibetan plateau, which is the origin of some of the most important rivers in the world, including the Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Indus, and Yellow rivers. Tibet also contains many tall mountains including Mount Qomolangma (known as Mount Everest in the West), the tallest mountain in the world from sea level. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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Tibet first became part of the [[Tang dynasty (618–907)|Tang dynasty]] in 640 CE. There is a statue of the Tang Princess Wen Cheng in the Potala Palace, Lhasa, which was erected in 641 after she married the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo. The Tang-Tibet Alliance Monument erected in 823 still stands in the square in front of the Jokhang Monastery.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|date=1992|title=Ownership of Tibet|url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/tibet/9-1.htm}}</ref>[[File:Yuan Dynasty.png|thumb|The extent of the Yuan Dynasty, with Tibetan borders clearly defined|alt=|left]] | Tibet first became part of the [[Tang dynasty (618–907)|Tang dynasty]] in 640 CE. There is a statue of the Tang Princess Wen Cheng in the Potala Palace, Lhasa, which was erected in 641 after she married the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo. The Tang-Tibet Alliance Monument erected in 823 still stands in the square in front of the Jokhang Monastery.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|date=1992|title=Ownership of Tibet|url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/tibet/9-1.htm}}</ref>[[File:Yuan Dynasty.png|thumb|The extent of the Yuan Dynasty, with Tibetan borders clearly defined|alt=|left]] | ||
In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]], leader of the Mongols, established the Mongol Khanate in northern China. In 1247 Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen, religious leader of Tibet, met the Mongol Prince Godan Khan to decide on terms for Tibetan submission to the Mongols.<ref name=":0" /> When Möngke Khan died in 1259, the empire was divided into 4 parts which were to be controlled by his sons. The [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] was the partition controlled by [[Kublai Khan]] and is the ancestor of the modern Chinese state. | In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]], leader of the Mongols, established the [[Great Mongol Nation (1206–1368)|Mongol Khanate]] in northern China. In 1247 Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen, religious leader of Tibet, met the Mongol Prince Godan Khan to decide on terms for Tibetan submission to the Mongols.<ref name=":0" /> When Möngke Khan died in 1259, the empire was divided into 4 parts which were to be controlled by his sons. The [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] was the partition controlled by [[Kublai Khan]] and is the ancestor of the modern Chinese state. | ||
===British imperialism=== | ===British imperialism=== | ||
In the 1720s, Tibet became part of the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]].<ref>{{Web citation|author=Arjae Red|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Dalai Lama’s abusive behavior nothing new|date=2023-04-22|url=https://www.workers.org/2023/04/70505/|retrieved=2023-04-23}}</ref> | In the 1720s, Tibet became part of the [[Qing dynasty (1636–1912)|Qing dynasty]].<ref name=":4">{{Web citation|author=Arjae Red|newspaper=[[Workers World]]|title=Dalai Lama’s abusive behavior nothing new|date=2023-04-22|url=https://www.workers.org/2023/04/70505/|retrieved=2023-04-23}}</ref> | ||
After the [[British]] [[Imperialism|imperialists]] started the [[First Opium War|Opium War]] in 1840, China was reduced from an independent sovereign country to a semi-[[Colonialism|colonial]] country. Imperialist forces took advantage of the weak Qing dynasty and began to carve up China, Tibet included.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|date=1992|title=Origins of So-Called 'Tibetan Independence'|url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/tibet/9-2.htm}}</ref> | After the [[British]] [[Imperialism|imperialists]] started the [[First Opium War|Opium War]] in 1840, China was reduced from an independent sovereign country to a semi-[[Colonialism|colonial]] country. Imperialist forces took advantage of the weak Qing dynasty and began to carve up China, Tibet included.<ref name=":1">{{News citation|date=1992|title=Origins of So-Called 'Tibetan Independence'|url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/tibet/9-2.htm}}</ref> | ||
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* "Britain be responsible for resisting the army of the Republic of China when it reaches Tibet;" | * "Britain be responsible for resisting the army of the Republic of China when it reaches Tibet;" | ||
* "Tibet adopt an open policy and allow freedom of movement of the British."<ref>{{Citation|author=朱绣|year=1996|title=西藏六十年大事记|isbn=9787225012223}}</ref> | * "Tibet adopt an open policy and allow freedom of movement of the British."<ref>{{Citation|author=朱绣|year=1996|title=西藏六十年大事记|isbn=9787225012223}}</ref> | ||
The British drew the McMahon line in 1914 to divide India from Tibet.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Tawang|page=168–70|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | |||
=== Tibetan theocracy === | === Tibetan theocracy === | ||
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, some countries recognized Tibet as part of the ROC, but [[Feudalism|feudal]] lords and the clergy under the leadership of the Dalai Lama controlled the region without much outside influence. The [[ruling class]] bought and sold [[Slavery|slaves]] and serfs, and torture and forced marriages were common. During this period, the [[Tenzin Gyatso|Dalai Lama]] lived in the 14-story [[Potala Palace]] with 1,000 rooms<ref name=":2" /> and 6,000 serfs and slaves.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
Torture and mutilation were commonly used against serfs and the majority of serfs' production was owed to the feudal lord.<ref name=":3" /> Young peasant boys were often sexually abused in monasteries and serf girls were used as house servants.<ref name=":2">{{News citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|newspaper=[[Red Sails]]|title=Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth (2007)|date=2020-12-26|url=https://redsails.org/friendly-feudalism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118083750/https://redsails.org/friendly-feudalism/|archive-date=2022-01-18|retrieved=2022-04-24}}</ref> | In feudal Tibet, most of the rural population were serfs who had no education or healthcare. Only 2% of children attended school, the life expectancy at the end of feudalism was 35.5 years, and the infant mortality rate was 43%.<ref name=":3">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Liberation School]]|title=China, Tibet and U.S.-sponsored counterrevolution|date=2008-04-01|url=https://www.liberationschool.org/08-04-01-china-tibet-ussponsored-coun-html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619132116/https://liberationschool.org/08-04-01-china-tibet-ussponsored-coun-html/|archive-date=2021-06-19|retrieved=2022-06-20}}</ref> 95% of Tibetans were serfs. Most households had to eat grass and cow bones to survive at times.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
Torture and mutilation were commonly used against serfs, and the majority of serfs' production was owed to the feudal lord.<ref name=":3" /> Young peasant boys were often sexually abused in monasteries and serf girls were used as house servants.<ref name=":2">{{News citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|newspaper=[[Red Sails]]|title=Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth (2007)|date=2020-12-26|url=https://redsails.org/friendly-feudalism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118083750/https://redsails.org/friendly-feudalism/|archive-date=2022-01-18|retrieved=2022-04-24}}</ref> | |||
=== People's Republic of China === | === People's Republic of China === | ||
==== End of feudalism ==== | |||
In 1951, after successfully taking back many other lawless parts of China, the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] reached Tibet and regained control over it without any clashes. They soon began education and healthcare programs. In 1950, construction began on the first two roads in Tibet. The Chinese government was cautious with reforms, and the priesthood still controlled most of Tibet's wealth in 1959.<ref name=":3" /> Popular support for the revolution grew while some feudal practices remained in place.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
On 1959 March 10, the Dalai Lama and feudal nobility attempted a [[counterrevolution]]. The Dalai Lama's brother, [[Gyalo Thondup]], worked with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] to establish a guerrilla unit that parachuted into Tibet. Many of its members were chiefs of aristocratic clans or their relatives, and 90% were never seen again. The uprising ended quickly, and the Dalai Lama fled to India,<ref name=":2" /> ending serfdom in Tibet. The CIA, [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], and [[United States Department of State|DOS]] continue to support a [[Central Tibetan Administration|separatist movement]] in [[Republic of India|India]] led by the Dalai Lama.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
During the 1950s, China built a road through the historic Tibetan region of Aksai Chin, which was claimed by India.<ref name=":12222" /> | |||
==== Modern period ==== | |||
[[File:China autonomous divisions.png|thumb|Map of Tibet and other Tibetan divisions of China (orange)]] | |||
In 1965, the First People's Congress of Tibet was held and the regional government of Tibet was founded. | In 1965, the First People's Congress of Tibet was held and the regional government of Tibet was founded. | ||
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In 2008, ethnic Han and Hui people were targeted in race riots in Lhasa.<ref>{{News citation|author=Gwydion M. Williams|newspaper=Long Revolution|title=The Tibetan Race Riots of 2008|url=https://gwydionwilliams.com/42-china/tibet/the-tibetan-race-riots-of-2008/|retrieved=2022-04-24}}</ref> | In 2008, ethnic Han and Hui people were targeted in race riots in Lhasa.<ref>{{News citation|author=Gwydion M. Williams|newspaper=Long Revolution|title=The Tibetan Race Riots of 2008|url=https://gwydionwilliams.com/42-china/tibet/the-tibetan-race-riots-of-2008/|retrieved=2022-04-24}}</ref> | ||
== Further reading == | |||
* [[Library:Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:41, 10 July 2024
Xizang Autonomous Region | |
|---|---|
Autonomous Region | |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Lhasa |
| Government | |
• Party Secretary | Wu Yingjie |
• Director of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress | Luosang Jiangcun |
• Chairman of the People's Government | Qi Zha La |
• Chairman of the CPPCC | Pabala Gelielangjie |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,228,400 km² |
| Population | |
• Estimate | 3,648,100 |
| GDP (nominal) | estimate |
• Total | USD $29,736,351,796 |
The Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibetan བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།; Mandarin 西藏自治区), formerly known as the Tibet Autonomous Region in English and commonly known as Tibet or Böd, is a province-level autonomous region in southwest China. It is home to the Tibetan ethnic group and the Tibetic languages, which are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The autonomous region covers most of what is known as the Tibetan plateau, which is the origin of some of the most important rivers in the world, including the Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Indus, and Yellow rivers. Tibet also contains many tall mountains including Mount Qomolangma (known as Mount Everest in the West), the tallest mountain in the world from sea level.
History[edit | edit source]
Ancient history[edit | edit source]
Tibet first became part of the Tang dynasty in 640 CE. There is a statue of the Tang Princess Wen Cheng in the Potala Palace, Lhasa, which was erected in 641 after she married the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo. The Tang-Tibet Alliance Monument erected in 823 still stands in the square in front of the Jokhang Monastery.[1]
In 1206, Genghis Khan, leader of the Mongols, established the Mongol Khanate in northern China. In 1247 Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen, religious leader of Tibet, met the Mongol Prince Godan Khan to decide on terms for Tibetan submission to the Mongols.[1] When Möngke Khan died in 1259, the empire was divided into 4 parts which were to be controlled by his sons. The Yuan Dynasty was the partition controlled by Kublai Khan and is the ancestor of the modern Chinese state.
British imperialism[edit | edit source]
In the 1720s, Tibet became part of the Qing dynasty.[2]
After the British imperialists started the Opium War in 1840, China was reduced from an independent sovereign country to a semi-colonial country. Imperialist forces took advantage of the weak Qing dynasty and began to carve up China, Tibet included.[3]
British aggressors invaded Tibet twice in 1888 and 1903. After the second invasion, the invaders compelled the local government to sign the Lhasa Convention, but the Qing high commissioner stationed in Tibet refused to sign it.[3]
In 1911, the people of China rose up and overthrew the Qing dynasty, establishing the Republic of China. The Republic of China government was incredibly weak, and the western powers who had occupied the Qing resisted. Britain put before the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs a five-point demand, indicating the denial of China's sovereignty over Tibet. When the Chinese government rejected the British demand, the British blocked all the roads leading from the British Raj in India to Tibet.[3]
In 1913 the British government coerced local Tibetan authorities into declaring independence and proposed that:
- "Britain be the weaponry supplier after total independence of Tibet;"
- "Tibet accept British envoys' supervision of Tibetan financial and military affairs in return for Britain's support of Tibetan independence;"
- "Britain be responsible for resisting the army of the Republic of China when it reaches Tibet;"
- "Tibet adopt an open policy and allow freedom of movement of the British."[4]
The British drew the McMahon line in 1914 to divide India from Tibet.[5]
Tibetan theocracy[edit | edit source]
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, some countries recognized Tibet as part of the ROC, but feudal lords and the clergy under the leadership of the Dalai Lama controlled the region without much outside influence. The ruling class bought and sold slaves and serfs, and torture and forced marriages were common. During this period, the Dalai Lama lived in the 14-story Potala Palace with 1,000 rooms[6] and 6,000 serfs and slaves.[2]
In feudal Tibet, most of the rural population were serfs who had no education or healthcare. Only 2% of children attended school, the life expectancy at the end of feudalism was 35.5 years, and the infant mortality rate was 43%.[7] 95% of Tibetans were serfs. Most households had to eat grass and cow bones to survive at times.[7]
Torture and mutilation were commonly used against serfs, and the majority of serfs' production was owed to the feudal lord.[7] Young peasant boys were often sexually abused in monasteries and serf girls were used as house servants.[6]
People's Republic of China[edit | edit source]
End of feudalism[edit | edit source]
In 1951, after successfully taking back many other lawless parts of China, the PLA reached Tibet and regained control over it without any clashes. They soon began education and healthcare programs. In 1950, construction began on the first two roads in Tibet. The Chinese government was cautious with reforms, and the priesthood still controlled most of Tibet's wealth in 1959.[7] Popular support for the revolution grew while some feudal practices remained in place.[2]
On 1959 March 10, the Dalai Lama and feudal nobility attempted a counterrevolution. The Dalai Lama's brother, Gyalo Thondup, worked with the CIA to establish a guerrilla unit that parachuted into Tibet. Many of its members were chiefs of aristocratic clans or their relatives, and 90% were never seen again. The uprising ended quickly, and the Dalai Lama fled to India,[6] ending serfdom in Tibet. The CIA, NED, and DOS continue to support a separatist movement in India led by the Dalai Lama.[2]
During the 1950s, China built a road through the historic Tibetan region of Aksai Chin, which was claimed by India.[5]
Modern period[edit | edit source]
In 1965, the First People's Congress of Tibet was held and the regional government of Tibet was founded.
By 2002, infant mortality had dropped to under 2% and the per capita number of hospital beds and medical personnel is higher than the average in China. Over 85% of school-age children attended school.[7]
In 2008, ethnic Han and Hui people were targeted in race riots in Lhasa.[8]
Further reading[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ownership of Tibet" (1992).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Arjae Red (2023-04-22). "Dalai Lama’s abusive behavior nothing new" Workers World. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Origins of So-Called 'Tibetan Independence'" (1992).
- ↑ 朱绣 (1996). 西藏六十年大事记. ISBN 9787225012223
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Tawang' (pp. 168–70). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Michael Parenti (2020-12-26). "Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth (2007)" Red Sails. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "China, Tibet and U.S.-sponsored counterrevolution" (2008-04-01). Liberation School. Archived from the original on 2021-06-19. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ↑ Gwydion M. Williams. "The Tibetan Race Riots of 2008" Long Revolution. Retrieved 2022-04-24.