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{{Infobox military conflict | |||
| conflict = Yugoslav Wars | |||
| partof = [[Counterrevolutions of 1989]] | |||
| image = File:Yugoslavia map.png | |||
| image_size = | |||
| alt = | |||
| caption = Map of Yugoslavia in 1989 | |||
| date = 31 March 1991 - 12 November 2001 | |||
| place = [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] | |||
| result = [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] abolished; Creation of [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] in Serbia and Montenegro; Creation of independent countries ([[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) in the rest of the territory | |||
| status = | |||
| combatants_header = | |||
| combatant1 = {{icon|Yugoslav flag.png}} [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (until 27 April 1992) <br>{{icon|Republic of Serbian Krajina Flag.png}} [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (until 1995)<br>{{icon|Republic of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Flag.png}} [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)|Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]] (1995-1996)<br>{{icon|Flag of Republika Srpska.svg}} [[Republika Srpska (1992-1995)|Republika Srpska]] (1992-1995)<br>{{icon|FR Yugoslavia flag.svg}} [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (after 1995) | |||
| combatant2 = {{icon|Flag of Croatia.svg}} [[Republic of Croatia]] (until 1996)<br>{{icon|Flag of Slovenia.svg}} [[Republic of Slovenia]] (until 1991)<br>{{icon|Flag of Macedonia (1992–1995).svg.png}}{{icon|Flag of North Macedonia.svg}} [[Republic of North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]] (1991; 2001)<br>{{icon|Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1998).svg.png}} [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995)|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (1992; 1994-1996)<br>{{icon|Flag of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png}} [[Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991-1996)|Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia]] (1991-1995)<br>{{icon|KLA symbol.svg}} [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] (after 1995)<br>{{icon|UCPMB logo.svg.png}} [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac]] (after 1999) | |||
| combatant2a = <b>Supported by:</b><br>{{icon|Flag of NATO.png}} [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]<br>{{icon|Flag of the European Union.svg}} [[European Economic Community]] | |||
| combatant3 = {{icon|Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1998).svg.png}} [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995)|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (1992-1994) | |||
| combatant4 = {{icon|Uck Nla logo.svg.png}} [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|National Liberation Army]] (1999-2002) | |||
| units1 = [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (until 1992)<br>[[Serbian Army of Krajina]] (from 1992)<br>[[Army of Republika Srpska]] (after 1992)<br>Pro-Serbian paramilitaries<br>[[Yugoslav Army]] (1999-2001) | |||
| units2 = [[Territorial Defense of the Republic of Slovenia]] (1991)<br>[[Armed Forces of Croatia]] (until 1996)<br>[[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (1992; 1994-1996)<br>[[Croatian Defence Council]] (until 1995)<br>[[Kosovo Liberation Army]] (after 1995)<br>[[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac]] (after 1999)<br>[[Army of the Republic of North Macedonia|Army of the Republic of Macedonia]] (2001) | |||
|units3 = [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (1992-1994) | |||
|units4 = [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|National Liberation Army]] (1999-2002) | |||
}} | |||
The '''Yugoslav Wars''' were a series of [[Imperialism|imperialist]] wars of secession between 1991 and 2001 that destroyed [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]]. | The '''Yugoslav Wars''' were a series of [[Imperialism|imperialist]] wars of secession between 1991 and 2001 that destroyed [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]]. | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
The [[United States of America|USA]] forced Yugoslavia to hold elections in each republic in 1990 without holding federal elections. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and its front groups, including the [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], funded candidates that took power in all republics except [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Serbia and Montenegro]]. The USA passed the Foreign Appropriations Act in 1991, sending weapons and military advisors into secessionist republics from [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] and [[Republic of Austria|Austria]]. The [[European Economic Community|EEC]] (future [[European Union|EU]]) organized a conference on Yugoslavia in | The [[United States of America|USA]] forced Yugoslavia to hold elections in each republic in 1990 without holding federal elections. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and its front groups, including the [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], funded candidates that took power in all republics except [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)|Serbia and Montenegro]]. The USA passed the Foreign Appropriations Act in 1991, sending weapons and military advisors into secessionist republics from [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]] and [[Republic of Austria|Austria]]. The [[European Economic Community|EEC]] (future [[European Union|EU]]) organized a conference on Yugoslavia in 1991 while excluding the Yugoslav government and called for creating independent republics.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Divide and Conquer|page=|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref><sup>:26–27</sup> | ||
== Slovenia == | == Slovenia == | ||
| Line 13: | Line 35: | ||
In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], fighting broke out between Serbs, [[Islam|Muslims]], and Croats. No group made up a majority, but the Muslims were the biggest, making up 41% of the population, and their army was trained by the CIA.<ref name=":0" /> In 1990, Islamic fundamentalist [[Alija Izetbegović]] became president even though he lost the election. [[Fikret Abdić]], the rightful winner, formed the [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]] and fought against Izetbegović. Abdić was able to retake some territory after a Bosnian invasion but eventually had to flee from NATO bombing.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Bosnia: New Colonies|page=50–52|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], fighting broke out between Serbs, [[Islam|Muslims]], and Croats. No group made up a majority, but the Muslims were the biggest, making up 41% of the population, and their army was trained by the CIA.<ref name=":0" /> In 1990, Islamic fundamentalist [[Alija Izetbegović]] became president even though he lost the election. [[Fikret Abdić]], the rightful winner, formed the [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]] and fought against Izetbegović. Abdić was able to retake some territory after a Bosnian invasion but eventually had to flee from NATO bombing.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Bosnia: New Colonies|page=50–52|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | ||
In November 1995, the West partitioned Bosnia into the [[Bosnian Federation]] of Muslims and Croats and [[Republika Srpska]] for the Serbs. Croatia also attacked Bosnia and tried to create a | In November 1995, the West partitioned Bosnia into the [[Bosnian Federation]] of Muslims and Croats and [[Republika Srpska]] for the Serbs. Croatia also attacked Bosnia and tried to create a Croat-only state called Herzeg-Bosnia.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:30–32</sup> | ||
== Macedonia == | == Macedonia == | ||
In | In 1991, [[Republic of North Macedonia|Macedonia]] seceded from Yugoslavia and came under U.S. occupation.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:30</sup> Due to the use of the name "Republic of Macedonia", it was not initially recognized from [[Greece]], beginning the so-called Macedonian naming dispute. <ref>{{Citation|author=Theodore A. Couloumbis, Theodore C. Kariotis, Fotini Bello|year=2003|title=Greece in the Twentieth Century|page=146-147|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-5407-8}}</ref> | ||
== Serbia == | == Serbia == | ||
=== Kosovo === | === Kosovo === | ||
The [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] began its terrorist attacks in 1996 and sought to create a "Greater [[Republic of Albania|Albania]]" that included parts of | The [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] began its terrorist attacks in 1996 and sought to create a "Greater [[Republic of Albania|Albania]]" that included parts of Greece, [[Republic of North Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], and [[Republic of Serbia|Serbia]]. By 1998, it was receiving funding from the CIA and [[Federal Republic of Germany|Germany]]. In the summer of 1998, Yugoslav police and security forces moved to the countryside and began fighting the KLA. Between 800 and 2,000 people died on both sides, mainly in KLA areas. The KLA violated ceasefires multiple times.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=On to Kosovo|page=98–103|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | ||
In February 1999, while meeting with US officials in Rambouillet, [[French Republic|France]], Yugoslavia proposed a peace agreement for [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo]]. The proposal included human rights for all citizens, promotion of cultural and linguistic diversity for all nationalities, freedom of media, the return of all displaced citizens to their homes, and a proportional legislature with extra seats for various nationalities. The US rejected this proposal and instead created a plan with complete autonomy for Kosovo and its occupation by NATO troops. The US plan required Yugoslavia to continue giving aid to Kosovo and did not guarantee assistance for Serbian refugees or an end to [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]].<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=The Rambouillet Ambush|page=108–114|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | In February 1999, while meeting with US officials in Rambouillet, [[French Republic|France]], Yugoslavia proposed a peace agreement for [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo]]. The proposal included human rights for all citizens, promotion of cultural and linguistic diversity for all nationalities, freedom of media, the return of all displaced citizens to their homes, and a proportional legislature with extra seats for various nationalities. The US rejected this proposal and instead created a plan with complete autonomy for Kosovo and its occupation by NATO troops. The US plan required Yugoslavia to continue giving aid to Kosovo and did not guarantee assistance for Serbian refugees or an end to [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]].<ref name=":022">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=The Rambouillet Ambush|page=108–114|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | ||
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At Rambouillet, Yugoslavia agreed to give up control of Kosovo but wanted to change the agreement to keep the FRY's control of its economic and foreign policy and prevent NATO from occupying Kosovo. NATO also proposed another protocol that would give it unlimited access to the FRY's territory, infrastructure, and communication systems. When Yugoslavia refused to become a [[Neocolonialism|colony]], NATO bombed it from 24 March to 10 June 1999.<ref name=":022" /> | At Rambouillet, Yugoslavia agreed to give up control of Kosovo but wanted to change the agreement to keep the FRY's control of its economic and foreign policy and prevent NATO from occupying Kosovo. NATO also proposed another protocol that would give it unlimited access to the FRY's territory, infrastructure, and communication systems. When Yugoslavia refused to become a [[Neocolonialism|colony]], NATO bombed it from 24 March to 10 June 1999.<ref name=":022" /> | ||
The [[United Nations]] never approved the bombing, which violated NATO's own charter and the [[Constitution of the United States|constitutions of the United States]] and [[Canada]]. No NATO pilots died in the bombing, but they killed 2,000 civilians<ref name=":023" /> (including over 300 Albanians, whom they claimed to be protecting)<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=The Genocide Hype Continues|page=131|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> and wounded 6,000.<ref name=":023">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=NATO's War Crimes|page=115–126|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref>The bombing drove tens of thousands of Albanians and at least 70,000 Serbs from their homes.<ref name=":0222" /> NATO destroyed 164 state-owned factories but not a single private factory. Buildings that advertised for Western corporations survived untouched.<ref name=":0223">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Rational Destruction: Eliminating the Competition|page=166–167|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | The [[United Nations]] never approved the bombing, which violated NATO's own charter and the [[Constitution of the United States|constitutions of the United States]] and [[Canada]]. No NATO pilots died in the bombing, but they killed 2,000 civilians<ref name=":023" /> (including over 300 Albanians, whom they claimed to be protecting)<ref name=":0222">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=The Genocide Hype Continues|page=131|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> and wounded 6,000.<ref name=":023">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=NATO's War Crimes|page=115–126|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> The bombing drove tens of thousands of Albanians and at least 70,000 Serbs from their homes.<ref name=":0222" /> NATO destroyed 164 state-owned factories but not a single private factory. Buildings that advertised for Western corporations survived untouched.<ref name=":0223">{{Citation|author=[[Michael Parenti]]|year=2000|title=To Kill a Nation|chapter=Rational Destruction: Eliminating the Competition|page=166–167|pdf=https://leftychan.net/edu/src/1614706295182-3.pdf|publisher=Verso}}</ref> | ||
== Further reading == | |||
* [[Library:To kill a nation|''To Kill a Nation'']] | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 36: | Line 62: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category: | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Civil wars]] | |||
Latest revision as of 09:36, 29 May 2024
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of imperialist wars of secession between 1991 and 2001 that destroyed Yugoslavia.
Background[edit | edit source]
The USA forced Yugoslavia to hold elections in each republic in 1990 without holding federal elections. The CIA and its front groups, including the NED, funded candidates that took power in all republics except Serbia and Montenegro. The USA passed the Foreign Appropriations Act in 1991, sending weapons and military advisors into secessionist republics from Germany and Austria. The EEC (future EU) organized a conference on Yugoslavia in 1991 while excluding the Yugoslav government and called for creating independent republics.[1]:26–27
Slovenia[edit | edit source]
In June 1991, Slovenia seceded from Yugoslavia one day after Croatia and received recognition from Germany and the Vatican. It began a ten-day war and quickly defeated the Yugoslav army.[1]:28–29
Croatia[edit | edit source]
Croatia became the first republic to secede in June 1991. The Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina then seceded from Croatia to remain in Yugoslavia. In August 1995, Croatia launched its deadliest offensive and killed thousands of Serb civilians in its invasion of Krajina. US ambassador Peter Galbraith approved this invasion, and NATO planes destroyed Serbian radar and anti-aircraft defenses. According to the Yugoslav constitution, the republic could not secede if it was against the will of a constituent nationality, in this case the Serbs.[1]:28–32
Bosnia[edit | edit source]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, fighting broke out between Serbs, Muslims, and Croats. No group made up a majority, but the Muslims were the biggest, making up 41% of the population, and their army was trained by the CIA.[1] In 1990, Islamic fundamentalist Alija Izetbegović became president even though he lost the election. Fikret Abdić, the rightful winner, formed the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia and fought against Izetbegović. Abdić was able to retake some territory after a Bosnian invasion but eventually had to flee from NATO bombing.[2]
In November 1995, the West partitioned Bosnia into the Bosnian Federation of Muslims and Croats and Republika Srpska for the Serbs. Croatia also attacked Bosnia and tried to create a Croat-only state called Herzeg-Bosnia.[1]:30–32
Macedonia[edit | edit source]
In 1991, Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia and came under U.S. occupation.[1]:30 Due to the use of the name "Republic of Macedonia", it was not initially recognized from Greece, beginning the so-called Macedonian naming dispute. [3]
Serbia[edit | edit source]
Kosovo[edit | edit source]
The Kosovo Liberation Army began its terrorist attacks in 1996 and sought to create a "Greater Albania" that included parts of Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. By 1998, it was receiving funding from the CIA and Germany. In the summer of 1998, Yugoslav police and security forces moved to the countryside and began fighting the KLA. Between 800 and 2,000 people died on both sides, mainly in KLA areas. The KLA violated ceasefires multiple times.[4]
In February 1999, while meeting with US officials in Rambouillet, France, Yugoslavia proposed a peace agreement for Kosovo. The proposal included human rights for all citizens, promotion of cultural and linguistic diversity for all nationalities, freedom of media, the return of all displaced citizens to their homes, and a proportional legislature with extra seats for various nationalities. The US rejected this proposal and instead created a plan with complete autonomy for Kosovo and its occupation by NATO troops. The US plan required Yugoslavia to continue giving aid to Kosovo and did not guarantee assistance for Serbian refugees or an end to sanctions.[5]
NATO bombing[edit | edit source]
At Rambouillet, Yugoslavia agreed to give up control of Kosovo but wanted to change the agreement to keep the FRY's control of its economic and foreign policy and prevent NATO from occupying Kosovo. NATO also proposed another protocol that would give it unlimited access to the FRY's territory, infrastructure, and communication systems. When Yugoslavia refused to become a colony, NATO bombed it from 24 March to 10 June 1999.[5]
The United Nations never approved the bombing, which violated NATO's own charter and the constitutions of the United States and Canada. No NATO pilots died in the bombing, but they killed 2,000 civilians[6] (including over 300 Albanians, whom they claimed to be protecting)[7] and wounded 6,000.[6] The bombing drove tens of thousands of Albanians and at least 70,000 Serbs from their homes.[7] NATO destroyed 164 state-owned factories but not a single private factory. Buildings that advertised for Western corporations survived untouched.[8]
Further reading[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'Divide and Conquer'. [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'Bosnia: New Colonies' (pp. 50–52). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ Theodore A. Couloumbis, Theodore C. Kariotis, Fotini Bello (2003). Greece in the Twentieth Century (pp. 146-147). Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5407-8
- ↑ Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'On to Kosovo' (pp. 98–103). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'The Rambouillet Ambush' (pp. 108–114). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'NATO's War Crimes' (pp. 115–126). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'The Genocide Hype Continues' (p. 131). [PDF] Verso.
- ↑ Michael Parenti (2000). To Kill a Nation: 'Rational Destruction: Eliminating the Competition' (pp. 166–167). [PDF] Verso.