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The '''Non-Aligned Movement''' ('''NAM''') is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the [[United Nations]], it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.<ref name="NAM members">{{News citation|title=NAM Members & Observers|url=https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085806/https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|archive-date=2019-03-27|retrieved=2019-03-20}}</ref><ref name="NAM about">{{News citation|title=About NAM|url=https://mnoal.org/nam-about/|newspaper=Non Aligned Movement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323135155/https://mnoal.org/nam-about/|archive-date=2019-03-23|retrieved=2019-03-20}}</ref> | The '''Non-Aligned Movement''' ('''NAM''') is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the [[United Nations]], it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.<ref name="NAM members">{{News citation|title=NAM Members & Observers|url=https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085806/https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|archive-date=2019-03-27|retrieved=2019-03-20}}</ref><ref name="NAM about">{{News citation|title=About NAM|url=https://mnoal.org/nam-about/|newspaper=Non Aligned Movement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323135155/https://mnoal.org/nam-about/|archive-date=2019-03-23|retrieved=2019-03-20}}</ref> | ||
The purpose of the organization was enumerated by [[Fidel Castro]] in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against [[imperialism]], [[colonialism]], [[ | The purpose of the organization was enumerated by [[Fidel Castro]] in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against [[imperialism]], [[colonialism]], [[neocolonialism]], [[racism]], and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."<ref>{{News citation|title=Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611014358/http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012|archive-date=2011-06-11}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/I_Agreements/pakistan___non-aligned_movemen.html "Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement"]. Board of Investment. Government of Pakistan. 2003.</ref> | ||
Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with [[People's Republic of China|China]] or the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], the movement still persisted throughout the [[Cold War]], even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the [[Global South]]. | Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with [[People's Republic of China|China]] or the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)|Soviet Union]], the movement still persisted throughout the [[Cold War]], even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the [[Global South]]. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== First Summit === | |||
[[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Tito]] met with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamal Nasser]] in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)|Yugoslavia]] in 1956 and scheduled NAM's founding conference for 1961.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Belgrade|page=|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref><sup>:95</sup> | |||
=== Second Summit === | |||
NAM held its second conference in Cairo in 1964 and announced support for the [[MPLA]], [[PAIGC]], [[FRELIMO]], and any other organizations fighting against [[Portuguese Republic|Portuguese]] colonialism.<ref name=":12" /><sup>:103</sup> | NAM held its second conference in Cairo in 1964 and announced support for the [[MPLA]], [[PAIGC]], [[FRELIMO]], and any other organizations fighting against [[Portuguese Republic|Portuguese]] colonialism.<ref name=":12" /><sup>:103</sup> | ||
=== Fourth Summit === | |||
[[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria]] hosted the fourth summit in 1974 in Algiers, where [[Houari Boumédiène]] called for a [[New International Economic Order]] that prioritized economic independence over political freedom.<ref name=":122223">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Algiers|page=132|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | |||
=== Sixth Summit === | |||
In 1979, the NAM held its sixth summit in [[Havana]]. [[Julius Nyerere]] called for a big-tent approach and acknowledged that NAM member states had many different ideologies.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Havana|page=113|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | In 1979, the NAM held its sixth summit in [[Havana]]. [[Julius Nyerere]] called for a big-tent approach and acknowledged that NAM member states had many different ideologies.<ref name=":12222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=Havana|page=113|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref> | ||
=== Seventh Summit === | |||
At the seventh summit in New Delhi in 1983, Castro and the left wing of NAM clashed with the pro-[[Liberalism|liberal]] right wing led by [[S. Rajaratnam|Sinnathamby Rajaratnam]] of [[Republic of Singapore|Singapore]]. [[Indira Gandhi]] minimized the leftward shift while also preventing an alliance with the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref name=":1222">{{Citation|author=[[Vijay Prashad]]|year=2008|title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World|chapter=New Delhi|page=211–3|pdf=https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceascnzh26r5d6uitjjs2z7rflhaxlt7rboz5whzdf76qg6xxvecqq?filename=%28A%20New%20Press%20People%27s%20history%29%20Vijay%20Prashad%20-%20The%20darker%20nations_%20a%20people%27s%20history%20of%20the%20third%20world-The%20New%20Press%20%282008%29.pdf|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781595583420|lg=https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=9B40B96E830128A7FE0E0E887C06829F}}</ref><sup>:211–3</sup> In 1983, NAM focused on the rights of [[State of Palestine|Palestinians]], ending [[apartheid]] in [[Republic of South Africa|South Africa]], and creating a zone of peace in the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":1222" /><sup>:221</sup> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Anti-imperialism]] | [[Category:Anti-imperialism]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:16, 13 July 2023
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.[1][2]
The purpose of the organization was enumerated by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."[3][4]
Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with China or the Soviet Union, the movement still persisted throughout the Cold War, even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the Global South.
History[edit | edit source]
First Summit[edit | edit source]
Josip Tito met with Jawaharlal Nehru and Gamal Nasser in Yugoslavia in 1956 and scheduled NAM's founding conference for 1961.[5]:95
Second Summit[edit | edit source]
NAM held its second conference in Cairo in 1964 and announced support for the MPLA, PAIGC, FRELIMO, and any other organizations fighting against Portuguese colonialism.[5]:103
Fourth Summit[edit | edit source]
Algeria hosted the fourth summit in 1974 in Algiers, where Houari Boumédiène called for a New International Economic Order that prioritized economic independence over political freedom.[6]
Sixth Summit[edit | edit source]
In 1979, the NAM held its sixth summit in Havana. Julius Nyerere called for a big-tent approach and acknowledged that NAM member states had many different ideologies.[7]
Seventh Summit[edit | edit source]
At the seventh summit in New Delhi in 1983, Castro and the left wing of NAM clashed with the pro-liberal right wing led by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam of Singapore. Indira Gandhi minimized the leftward shift while also preventing an alliance with the United States.[8]:211–3 In 1983, NAM focused on the rights of Palestinians, ending apartheid in South Africa, and creating a zone of peace in the Indian Ocean.[8]:221
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "NAM Members & Observers". Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ↑ "About NAM". Non Aligned Movement. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ↑ "Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979". Archived from the original on 2011-06-11.
- ↑ "Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement". Board of Investment. Government of Pakistan. 2003.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Belgrade'. [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Algiers' (p. 132). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'Havana' (p. 113). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vijay Prashad (2008). The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World: 'New Delhi' (pp. 211–3). [PDF] The New Press. ISBN 9781595583420 [LG]