Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Difference between revisions
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Xinjiang became part of the [[Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)|Han dynasty]] in 60 BCE. The region has been populated by Han Chinese since this time. | Xinjiang became part of the [[Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)|Han dynasty]] in 60 BCE. The region has been populated by Han Chinese since this time. | ||
The | The Uyghurs are the descendants of the nomadic Dingling (丁零) tribe in [[Mongolia]]. In 552 CE a clan of the emerging Dingling tribe established a Turkic Khanate in the Dunggar Basin in northern Xinjiang. In 744, the Uygur Alliance led by Guli Pei Luo, with the cooperation of the army of the [[Tang dynasty (618–907)|Tang Dynasty]], overthrew the Turkic Khanate and established the Mobei Uyghur Khanate. | ||
=== Republic of China === | === Republic of China === | ||
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In 1990, the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] organized its first terrorist attack in Baren Township. The ETIM was designated as a terrorist organization by the [[United Nations|UN]] in 2002 and by the Chinese government in 2003. In July 2009, Islamic extremists caused riots in Ürümqi, killing almost 200 people and injuring over 1,000. In May 2014 in Ürümqi, they drove cars into a crowded marketplace and threw explosives at buildings, killing 39 and injuring 94. In July 2014, Imam [[Juma Tahir]] was assassinated after calling for peace and stability in Xinjiang.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=Xinjiang: A Report and Resource Compilation|date=2021-09-21|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/education/xinjiang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620004209/https://www.qiaocollective.com/education/xinjiang|archive-date=2022-06-20|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref> | In 1990, the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] organized its first terrorist attack in Baren Township. The ETIM was designated as a terrorist organization by the [[United Nations|UN]] in 2002 and by the Chinese government in 2003. In July 2009, Islamic extremists caused riots in Ürümqi, killing almost 200 people and injuring over 1,000. In May 2014 in Ürümqi, they drove cars into a crowded marketplace and threw explosives at buildings, killing 39 and injuring 94. In July 2014, Imam [[Juma Tahir]] was assassinated after calling for peace and stability in Xinjiang.<ref name=":0">{{News citation|newspaper=[[Qiao Collective]]|title=Xinjiang: A Report and Resource Compilation|date=2021-09-21|url=https://www.qiaocollective.com/education/xinjiang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620004209/https://www.qiaocollective.com/education/xinjiang|archive-date=2022-06-20|retrieved=2022-06-24}}</ref> | ||
Similar to [[Operation Cyclone]], where the [[United States of America|USA]] supported Islamic fundamentalism to destabilize the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|socialist government]] of [[Afghanistan]], the US has supported Islamic fundamentalist separatists in the Xinjiang region of China. China's response to this upsurge of terrorism and separatism has been to [[Xinjiang Vocational Education and Training Centers|construct re-education camps]] which have been decried by the Western press in an effort to accuse China of running "concentration camps" and "death camps." Western countries have signed a letter criticizing China, while a counter-letter was signed by countries in the Muslim World as well as progressive states such as [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] and [[Bolivia]] (under the socialist government of [[Evo Morales]], prior to the US-backed coup).<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://orinocotribune.com/beijings-decades-long-policies-in-xinjiang-cia-interference-funding-of-separatist-and-terrorist-groups/ "Beijing’s Decades-Long Policies in Xinjiang, CIA Interference, Funding of Separatist and Terrorist Groups"] by the [[Orinoco Tribune]]</ref> | Similar to [[Operation Cyclone]], where the [[United States of America|USA]] supported Islamic fundamentalism to destabilize the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|socialist government]] of [[Afghanistan]], the US has supported Islamic fundamentalist separatists in the Xinjiang region of China. During the 1990s, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] transported Uyghur terrorists from Xinjiang to Afghanistan to be trained in guerilla warfare by the mujahideen, following a plan of action developed by [[Bernard Lewis]], a specialist at Oxford University, who proposed the creation of an “Arc of Crisis” made up of Muslims manipulated to extend US influence and overthrow Communist (Soviet) rule in Middle Eastern nations.<ref>{{Citation|author=Paul L. Williams|year=2015|title=Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia|page=271|publisher=Prometheus Books}}</ref> Graham Fuller, former Deputy Director of the CIA's National Council of Intelligence, said in 1999:<blockquote>The policy of guiding the evolution of Islam and of helping them against our adversaries worked marvelously well in Afghanistan against the Red Army. The same doctrines can still be used to destabilize what remains of Russian power, and especially to counter the Chinese influence in Central Asia.<ref>{{Web citation|author=Nafeez Ahmed|newspaper=New Internationalist|title=Our Terrorists|date=2009-10-2|url=https://newint.org/features/2009/10/01/blowback}}</ref></blockquote>China's response to this upsurge of terrorism and separatism has been to [[Xinjiang Vocational Education and Training Centers|construct re-education camps]] which have been decried by the Western press in an effort to accuse China of running "concentration camps" and "death camps." Western countries have signed a letter criticizing China, while a counter-letter was signed by countries in the Muslim World as well as progressive states such as [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] and [[Bolivia]] (under the socialist government of [[Evo Morales]], prior to the US-backed coup).<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://orinocotribune.com/beijings-decades-long-policies-in-xinjiang-cia-interference-funding-of-separatist-and-terrorist-groups/ "Beijing’s Decades-Long Policies in Xinjiang, CIA Interference, Funding of Separatist and Terrorist Groups"] by the [[Orinoco Tribune]]</ref> | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
[[File:Xinjiang ethnic population graph.png|thumb|A graph showing the Han and Uyghur population population growth rates in Xinjiang (units are 10,000 people)|alt=|left]]Today in the Xinjiang there are 12.7 million | [[File:Xinjiang ethnic population graph.png|thumb|A graph showing the Han and Uyghur population population growth rates in Xinjiang (units are 10,000 people)|alt=|left]]Today in the Xinjiang there are 12.7 million Uyghurs, and 9 million Han, and 3.1 million people in other ethnic groups, or 51%, 36%, and 13% respectively.<ref>China Daily (2021) [https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/07/WS5ff6a2e4a31024ad0baa1227.html An Analysis Report on Population Change in Xinjiang]</ref> The population has doubled since 1978, and the Uyghur population increased by more than 5.6 million in the same time period.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
Revision as of 07:11, 23 July 2023
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 新疆维吾尔自治区 شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى xīn jiāng wéi wú ěr zì zhì qū | |
|---|---|
Autonomous region | |
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Ürümqi |
| Official languages | Chinese Uyghur |
| Government | |
• Party Secretary | Ma Xingrui |
• Standing Committee Director | Xiaokaiti Yiming |
• People's Government Chair | Erkin Tuniyaz |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,664,897 km² |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 25,852,300 |
| GDP (nominal) | estimate |
• Total | USD $215.63 billion |
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Chinese: 新疆维吾尔自治区), also known as Xinjiang (新疆) or XUAR is an autonomous region of China. It is a vast region with a very low population density. It contains the Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges, as well as the Taklamakan Desert.
History
Ancient history
Xinjiang became part of the Han dynasty in 60 BCE. The region has been populated by Han Chinese since this time.
The Uyghurs are the descendants of the nomadic Dingling (丁零) tribe in Mongolia. In 552 CE a clan of the emerging Dingling tribe established a Turkic Khanate in the Dunggar Basin in northern Xinjiang. In 744, the Uygur Alliance led by Guli Pei Luo, with the cooperation of the army of the Tang Dynasty, overthrew the Turkic Khanate and established the Mobei Uyghur Khanate.
Republic of China
After the Tsar tried to conscript Kazakh and Kyrgyz people into the First World War in 1916, they attacked Russian settlers and then fled into Xinjiang.[1]
Chinese Civil War
Uyghur separatists founded an Islamic state in Xinjiang in the 1930s shortly after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.[2]
Terrorism
In 1990, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement organized its first terrorist attack in Baren Township. The ETIM was designated as a terrorist organization by the UN in 2002 and by the Chinese government in 2003. In July 2009, Islamic extremists caused riots in Ürümqi, killing almost 200 people and injuring over 1,000. In May 2014 in Ürümqi, they drove cars into a crowded marketplace and threw explosives at buildings, killing 39 and injuring 94. In July 2014, Imam Juma Tahir was assassinated after calling for peace and stability in Xinjiang.[3]
Similar to Operation Cyclone, where the USA supported Islamic fundamentalism to destabilize the socialist government of Afghanistan, the US has supported Islamic fundamentalist separatists in the Xinjiang region of China. During the 1990s, the CIA transported Uyghur terrorists from Xinjiang to Afghanistan to be trained in guerilla warfare by the mujahideen, following a plan of action developed by Bernard Lewis, a specialist at Oxford University, who proposed the creation of an “Arc of Crisis” made up of Muslims manipulated to extend US influence and overthrow Communist (Soviet) rule in Middle Eastern nations.[4] Graham Fuller, former Deputy Director of the CIA's National Council of Intelligence, said in 1999:
The policy of guiding the evolution of Islam and of helping them against our adversaries worked marvelously well in Afghanistan against the Red Army. The same doctrines can still be used to destabilize what remains of Russian power, and especially to counter the Chinese influence in Central Asia.[5]
China's response to this upsurge of terrorism and separatism has been to construct re-education camps which have been decried by the Western press in an effort to accuse China of running "concentration camps" and "death camps." Western countries have signed a letter criticizing China, while a counter-letter was signed by countries in the Muslim World as well as progressive states such as Cuba and Bolivia (under the socialist government of Evo Morales, prior to the US-backed coup).[3][6]
Demographics
Today in the Xinjiang there are 12.7 million Uyghurs, and 9 million Han, and 3.1 million people in other ethnic groups, or 51%, 36%, and 13% respectively.[7] The population has doubled since 1978, and the Uyghur population increased by more than 5.6 million in the same time period.[2]
Economy
The GDP of Xinjiang rose from 539.7 to 1,379.8 yuan between 2010 and 2020.[2]
References
- ↑ Vijay Prashad (2017). Red Star over the Third World: 'Soviet Asia' (p. 62). [PDF] New Delhi: LeftWord Books.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Xinjiang and the Uyghur Question" (2022-09-28). Australian Marxist Review. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Xinjiang: A Report and Resource Compilation" (2021-09-21). Qiao Collective. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
- ↑ Paul L. Williams (2015). Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia (p. 271). Prometheus Books.
- ↑ Nafeez Ahmed (2009-10-2). "Our Terrorists" New Internationalist.
- ↑ "Beijing’s Decades-Long Policies in Xinjiang, CIA Interference, Funding of Separatist and Terrorist Groups" by the Orinoco Tribune
- ↑ China Daily (2021) An Analysis Report on Population Change in Xinjiang