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Hugo Chávez | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías 28 July 1954 Sabaneta, Barinas, Venezuela |
| Died | 5 March 2013 (aged 58) Caracas, Venezuela |
| Nationality | Venezuelan |
| Political orientation | Chavismo Democratic socialism Anti-imperialism |
| Political party | Fifth Republic Movement (1997—2007) United Socialist Party of Venezuela (2007—13) |
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan military official, politician and President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from 1999 until his death in 2013. His profound socialist and integrationist ideas inherited from the thought of Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Miranda made him the undisputed leader of the Bolivarian Revolution.
Early life
Chávez was born in Sabaneta in the Barinas state in the plains of Venezuela. Both of his parents were primary school teachers.[1] Chávez as a child was often seen with coloring books or playing baseball, maintaining a passion for painting for the rest of his teenage years, leaving Sabaneta in 1966 to pursue studying visual arts in the Daniel Florencio O'Leary High School, in the capital of the state of Barinas. Chávez during his time in the capital played baseball and developed a new passion for the sport, wanting to be a professional baseball player, leaving painting behind and going to a stadium a few blocks away to continue playing baseball. Despite this, Chávez' family did not have the resources for him to study in the center of the country, ending up studying theater in Mérida. After graduation on 8 August 1971, Chávez entered the Military Academy of Venezuela.[2]
Military career
During his time in the military, Chávez often read the works of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong in secret, with him stating he'd often hide these books from higher rank military officials.[2] Chávez during this time was highly influenced by Marxism-Leninism and even considered himself one, his brothers participation in the failed 1962 coup "El Carupanazo" as a member of the Revolutionary Leftist Movement party being considered a driving factor for his leaning towards Marxism-Leninism.[2]
In 1982, Chávez and a group of his comrades in the military formed the Bolivarian Revolutionary Army 2000. In 1983, he renamed it to the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement 200, named for the 200th birthday of Simón Bolívar. The MBR-200 was inspired by Bolívar, Simón Rodríguez, and Ezequiel Zamora. In February 1992, Chávez tried to overthrow the Venezuelan government but failed.[1]
Presidential campaign
Chávez visited Cuba and met Fidel Castro in December 1994. In 1996, he released the Bolivarian Alternative Agenda, which later became his presidential program. This proposal calls for a strong and democratic state, nationalization of oil, renegotiation of external debt, education and culture following the ideas of Simón Rodríguez, and self-managed economic development. He founded the Fifth Republic Movement in 1997.[1]
Presidency
First term (1999–2001)
A very broad popular sentiment in favor of substantive changes in the conduct of State affairs was evident on December 6, 1998, when 56.20% of the voters elected Chávez as Constitutional President of the then Republic of Venezuela.[3] This fact was considered by respected analysts as one of the most momentous achievements in the contemporary political history of Venezuela. With the elections of July 30, 2000, Chavez's political project was crystallized and relegitimized as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela with 59.5% of the vote.
Second term (2001–2007)
In the presidential elections of the December 3, 2006, he was reelected president with a major lead, gaining more than seven million votes (62.84%) compared to the 36.90% achieved by the opposition candidate Manuel Rosales, who recognized the result that night. In October 2012, Chávez again won the presidential elections in his country, this time defeating Henrique Capriles, governor of the state of Miranda and candidate of the opposition coalition, with 55% of the votes.
In 2004, Venezuela began a system of missions to address poverty, illiteracy, and housing issues. On 15 August 2004, the opposition tried to oust Chávez through a recall referendum.[1]
On 27 September 2008,[4] Chávez started the Canaima Education Project, with the goal of giving students in every public education institution a laptop in order to facilitate access to information. With it's official launch taking place in September 2009,[5] simultaneously giving out 50,000 laptops in 19,000 institutions.[5] This project continuing to this day, including the development of a Canaima Linux distribution based on Debian.[6]
Third term (2007–2013)
In 2007, Chávez met with Lula da Silva, Evo Morales, Néstor Kirchner, and Rafael Correa to sign a treaty creating the Bank of the South to unite the economies of Latin America against U.S. imperialism. The launch of the bank was prevented by a series of right-wing coups beginning in Honduras in 2009. The United States also sabotaged UNASUR, which was founded in 2008 and became operational in 2011. After Chávez's death, Lula plans to strengthen these institutions.[7]
In 2011, Chávez started the Great Venezuela Housing Mission (GMVV) which has been continued after his death. This project has lead to the creation of 4.6 million homes.[8][9]
Fourth term (2013)
On 11 December 2012,[10] Chávez went to Cuba to get cancer treatment, staying in the La Pradera hospital until his return to Venezuela in February 2013.[11] Chávez had stated that Fidel Castro prevented him from returning to Venezuela until his recovery.[12]
Death
Hugo Chávez died on March 5, 2013, at the Military Hospital in Venezuela due to cancer that had affected him since 2011. His death was received by the people with great shock, while the government and their relatives received messages of condolence from all around the world.
U.S. bioweapons may have killed Chávez. The U.S. worked to produce drugs that could cause cancer and had been working on plans to assassinate Chávez since 2002.[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "The Strategic Revolutionary Thought and Legacy of Hugo Chávez Ten Years After His Death" (2023-02-28). Tricontinental. Archived from the original on 2023-04-29.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Presidentes de Latinoamérica - Hugo Chávez Frías". YouTube.
- ↑ Elecciones presidenciales cuadro comparativo 1958-2000. [PDF] Consejo Nacional Electoral.
- ↑ "Firma de acuerdos entre la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y la República de Portugal en materia energética, tecnológica y de vivienda" (2008-09-27). TodoChavez. Archived from the original.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez en el lanzamiento del proyecto Canaima Educativo" (2009-09-21). TodoChavez. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ↑ "Publicación oficial del lanzamiento de Canaima GNU/Linux 7.2" (2023-08-08). Canaima Software Libre.
- ↑ Ben Norton (2022-12-01). "Latin America’s plan to challenge US dollar with new currency and ‘regional financial architecture’" Multipolarista. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
- ↑ "President Maduro Celebrates 1.6 Millionth Home Built for the Poor" (2017-04-30). teleSUR. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
- ↑ "Venezuela: President Maduro Delivers House Number 4.6 Million" (2023-07-21). teleSUR. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
- ↑ "Presidente Chávez llegó a su Patria" (2013-02-13). Archived from the original.
- ↑ "La Pradera, dentro del hospital cubano que trató a Chávez y a Maradona" (2015-10-08). BBC.
- ↑ Pedro Pablo Peñaloza (2016-11-26). "Hugo Chávez, el hombre que amó a Fidel Castro (y viceversa)" Univision.
- ↑ "Russian Army Commander Links Hugo Chávez’s Death to US Biowarfare" (2022-08-04). Orinoco Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-08-05. Retrieved 2022-08-07.