The 26th of July Movement was a Cuban vanguard revolutionary organization led by Fidel Castro. The movement's name commemorates the 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, which was part of an attempt to overthrow the Statesian-backed military dictator Fulgencio Batista. It was a mostly peasant-based revolutionary movement. In March 1962, it merged with the Integrated Revolutionary Organization (ORI), the Popular Socialist Party (PSP), and parts of the Revolutionary Directorate to become the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC), later the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in 1965.
Although the organization was not explicitly Marxist in nature, its organization was largely dominated by Marxist–Leninists such as Ernesto "Che" Guevara and Raúl Castro. After the success of the revolution, Fidel Castro, partially inspired by Che and Raúl, as well as having been forced to trade with the Soviet Union following an embargo imposed by the United States, realized that only socialism was the path forward for Cuba and in December 1961, Castro revealed that he was a Marxist–Leninist.
History
On July 26, 1953, Fidel Castro, a young lawyer, launched a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in an attempt to depose the reactionary and fascist right-wing dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, who was backed financially by the United States. The attack failed and Castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison. He was freed in 1955 after a political campaign on his behalf, and he fled to Mexico along with his brother Raúl and several other revolutionaries. In Mexico, Fidel and Raúl met Che Guevara, who agreed to help them depose Batista. This was the start of the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7).
On 2 December 1956, Castro and 81 other men landed in Cuba, having sailed on the Granma from Tuxpan, ready to organize and lead a revolution to overthrow Batista. The early signs were disastrous for the movement. They landed in broad daylight, were attacked by the Cuban Air Force, and suffered numerous casualties. The landing party was split into two and wandered lost for two days, with most of their supplies abandoned where they landed. They were also betrayed by their peasant guide in an ambush, which killed more of those who had landed. Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 22 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range. The M-26-7 divided its operations between the rural guerillas, who were based in the Sierra Maestra mountains, and the urban underground, which consisted mostly of middle-class and professional Cubans living in towns and cities. Castro focused his efforts in the rural countryside on fighting Batista's soldiers and liberating and governing increasing amounts of territory taken from Batista's control.
The M-26-7 incorporated large numbers of peasant men and women into the ranks of the M-26-7 where they served as soldiers, collaborators, and informants to fight Batista's regime. Many peasant leaders were also affiliated with the Popular Socialist Party and used their connections with Communist Party members and sympathizers to recruit support for the M-26-7. Most notably, the Campesino Association, which had been an active Communist organization since 1934, allowed the M-26-7 to access and build on the network of peasant political organizing. The leaders of the Authentic Party (PA) and Orthodox Party and their constituents of small, medium, and wealthy landowners supported M-26-7 as well through funding and protection from Batista's forces, although Castro's platform of agrarian reform would lead to the eventual break between wealthy farmers and landowners and M-26-7. After the takeover, anti-Batistas, liberals, urban workers, peasants, and idealists became the dominant followers of the M-26-7 movement, which gained control over Cuba. The Movement was joined with other bodies to form the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, which in turn became the Communist Party of Cuba in 1965.
Cuba modeled itself after the Eastern European nations that made up the Warsaw Pact, becoming the first socialist government in the Western Hemisphere. Once it was learned that Cuba would adopt a strict Marxist–Leninist political and economic system, opposition was raised not only by dissident party members, but by the United States as well. Fidel Castro's government seized private land, nationalized hundreds of private companies—including several local subsidiaries of U.S. corporations—and taxed American products so heavily that U.S. exports were cut half in just two years. The Eisenhower Administration then imposed trade restrictions on everything except food and medical supplies. As a result, Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for trade instead. The US responded by cutting all diplomatic ties to Cuba. In April 1961, a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles and dissidents launched the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion against Cuba, shortly after Castro had declared the revolution to be socialist in nature. In December of that year, Castro formally proclaimed himself a communist.