The Black Panther Party (BPP), originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a communist party founded by college students Bobby Seale (Chairman) and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California.[1][2] The party was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982, with chapters in numerous major cities, and international chapters in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s,[3] and in Algeria from 1969 to 1972.[4] At its inception on October 15, 1966,[5] the Black Panther Party's core practice was its open carry armed citizens' patrols ("copwatching") to monitor the behavior of officers of the Oakland Police Department and challenge police brutality in the city.
In 1969, a variety of community social programs became a core activity.[6] The Party instituted the Free Breakfast for Children Programs to address food injustice, and community health clinics for education and treatment of diseases including sickle cell anemia, tuberculosis, and later HIV/AIDS.[7][8][9]
Membership of the party reached a peak in 1970, with offices in 68 cities and thousands of members, but it began to decline over the following decade. After its leaders and members were vilified by the mainstream press, public support for the party waned, and the group became more isolated.[10] In-fighting among Party leadership, fomented largely by the FBI's COINTELPRO operation, led to expulsions and defections that decimated the membership.[11]
External links
References
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Black Routes to Islam (2009) (pp. 99–119). Palgrave Macmillan.
- ↑
- ↑ Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑
- ↑ Template:Harvnb
- ↑ Template:Harvnb